There are long-standing debates on the social organisation and interactions of the first farmers of west-central Europe (the Linear Pottery culture/LBK, c. 5500–5000 BCE). Here we focus on a specific type of ceramic ware, Limburg pottery, whose morpho-stylistic features and bone temper stand in stark contrast to typical LBK pottery. Despite this, most Limburg vessels are found in LBK settlements. Researchers have proposed a variety of interpretations, ranging from pottery made by hunter-gatherers, to special-purpose vessels made by early farmers. This article provides a high-resolution reconstruction of the production sequences, using Limburg pottery from the Aisne Valley (Picardy, France), to address the identity of its producers, their learning networks and distribution channels, and the social practices associated with these artefacts. While Limburg pottery from the Aisne Valley forms a coherent stylistic group, it comprises two technical traditions, with one group of producers only making Limburg vessels, and the other usually making LBK vessels but occasionally producing Limburg vessels. Both groups display similar patterns of use, including dairy processing. Limburg vessels were therefore not marginal in LBK contexts, but functionally embedded in food practices rooted in farming lifeways. We hence propose a new model for interpreting the emergence and development of Limburg pottery, emphasising its role as ‘boundary objects’ within LBK communities and with communities outside of the LBK area. Ultimately, this socio-cognitive approach to pottery offers a deeper understanding of the social processes that shaped the cultural landscape of western Europe in the second half of the 6th millennium.

Hogg and Bushell’s “The Charter Dialogue between Courts and Legislatures” sparked a debate concerning the extent to which legislatures respond to the Supreme Court of Canada’s decisions in which the judges invalidate laws under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. After constructing and coding a dataset of all relevant Charter cases between 2010 and 2023, this paper finds that the legislatures complied with rulings made by the Court in 93.3 per cent (or 28 out of 30) of the cases. It nevertheless demonstrates how the two non-compliant replies (to Bedford on sex work and to Carter on medical assistance in dying) are exceptional in that they featured strong interest-group support for upholding the constitutionality of the challenged provisions and thus straying from the Court’s rulings that invalidated them. This paper argues that while legislatures overwhelmingly comply with Charter rulings, interest-group support may help explain rare instances of legislative noncompliance.

Charismatic renewal and radical Christianity were movements of the ‘long’ 1960s. They both saw themselves as ‘new Reformations’ but have seldom been examined together. This article claims that ‘renewed’ and ‘religionless’ Christianity were more related than usually assumed. Both responded to a profound sense of religion-in-crisis. They were deeply eschatological and in different ways emphasised the Spirit. Despite some obvious dissimilarities, they were opposite sides of the same coin. Furthermore, they were entangled in unexpected ways. This points towards deeper undercurrents of religious thought and experience at work during the period and invites a wider appreciation of the significance of both eschatology and pneumatology in the Churches during the Sixties.

Mental healthcare respecting human rights is a worldwide need, yet research into practices that support such rights is limited. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 and the United Nations Resolution on mental health and psychosocial support, 2023 each heighten the urgency and the legal, as well as moral, social, political and other obligations to improve the quality of mental healthcare and respect human rights worldwide. It is useful to be specific about the actions to be taken, as done in recent programmes by the World Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization. The work requires partnerships at all levels, from global to local, among healthcare professionals, people with lived experience and their families, communities and policy-makers. We present a themed series of papers developed in two parts: one related to principles of human rights-based mental healthcare; the other to assessment, policy and actions needed for tackling the implementation gap.

Neurosymbolic AI combines neural networks with symbolic programs to create robust and explainable predictions. One such framework is NeurASP, which trains a neural network to predict concepts and reasons over them using rules written in answer set programming (ASP) to solve downstream tasks. Crucially, labels are only provided for the downstream prediction produced by the symbolic rules, not for the latent concepts themselves. Backpropagation through the non-differentiable ASP component requires expensive probability and gradient calculations, which has hindered scalability to more sophisticated tasks. In this paper, we address the current limitations of NeurASP by improving its computational performance through vectorization, batch processing, and caching of intermediate computations during training. We compare computation speeds between the original and our new implementation of NeurASP and report speedups of multiple orders of magnitude for larger tasks. To this end, we propose a new dataset of difficult tasks involving playing cards, which we use to test the capabilities of NeurASP’s enhanced learning function.

This paper outlines a prospective cognitive framework for understanding the intersectionality of gender diversity and neurodivergence (specifically being autistic). The framework aims to provide understanding of the overlap between being autistic and being transgender and gender diverse, where these two constructs intersect and where they are disparate. Within these two intersections, there is evidence that individuals may mask or camouflage parts of these intersections of their identity, which may in turn impact on emotional wellbeing. This framework aims to be supportive of staff and adult service users alike in understanding this intersectionality and to provide suggestions on how to use this framework within psychological therapy to support autistic transgender and gender diverse adults. Limitations, clinical implications and key messages are briefly included within the discussion. Due to the limited research in this area at present, it is likely that further research into this field is warranted and further evidence, service user feedback and trialling of the cognitive framework would be imperative to conclude its utility and efficacy in clinical practice.

The article analyzes ethno-demographic trends in the contemporary Russian Federation, first of all, from the point of view of the probability of the development of separatist aspirations in ethnic autonomies within it. In recent decades, due to the shrinking opportunities to maintain the identity of indigenous peoples, assimilation processes have intensified among many of them (primarily the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group, as well as peoples whose is subjected to persecution in Russia, such as Ukrainians). Because of the assimilation, the share of the Russian ethnic majority in the country’s population is growing. At the same time, in the national republics of the North Caucasus and Siberia, the number of indigenous peoples is growing. In general, there is a process of ethnic separation: “Russian” regions are becoming ethnically more and more “Russian,” while 13 out of 21 republics are getting more and more “non-Russian.” Russian aggression in Ukraine also increases the likelihood of destabilizing Russia in the future, as the ideology of the “Russian World” politicizes inter-ethnic relations within Russia itself, making ethnic minorities second-class citizens.

Wind energy stands out as a promising clean and renewable energy alternative, not only for its potential to combat global warming but also for its capacity to meet the ever-growing demand for energy. However, analysis of wind data to fully harness the benefits of wind energy demands tackling several related challenges: (1) Current data resolution is inadequate for capturing the detailed information needed across diverse climatic conditions; (2) Efficient management and storage of real-time measurements are currently lacking; (3) Extrapolating wind data across spatial specifications enables analysis at costly-to-measure, unobserved points is necessary. In response to these challenges, we introduce the One Stone Three Bird model, a modality-agnostic learning framework utilizing Implicit Neural Network. Our model effectively compresses a large volume of climate data into a manageable latent codec. It also learns underlying continuous climate patterns, enabling reconstruction at any scale and supporting modality transfer and fusion. Extensive experimental results show consistent performance improvements over existing baselines in both (1) continuous super-resolution reconstruction and (2) data compression tasks for different cross-altitude prediction scenarios. Through systematic ablation studies, we demonstrate the effectiveness of each core component, quantifying its individual contribution to the overall performance of the proposed design.

Understanding the dynamics of host-parasite interactions is essential for uncovering the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping natural populations. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of prevalence of the cestode Schistocephalus solidus in 4 Alaskan populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) over 11 years (1996 to 2006). Additionally, we assessed host tolerance through key indicators such as the Parasite Index and the presence of fibrotic scar tissue, a specialized form of resistance in this system. We observed fibrosis formation in both infected and uninfected fish across all populations, with notable year-to-year variability in Cornelius Lake. Here, fibrosis prevalence ranged from 9% in 1997 to 63% in 1998, coinciding with the highest cestode prevalence recorded in this population. Willow Lake stickleback displayed persistently high Parasite Indices, with parasite weights occasionally exceeding host eviscerated weights, and experienced a potential epizootic from 2000 to 2005. Cestode prevalence remained stable in Rocky and Cornelius Lakes and was consistently low in Lazy Lake. Our findings demonstrate significant variation in cestode prevalence, parasite burden, and resistance mechanisms among populations and between years. Importantly, the decoupling of fibrosis formation from infection status highlights the multifaceted nature of host-parasite interactions. Our study emphasizes the value of long-term datasets in revealing spatial and temporal patterns in host-parasite dynamics. Future research integrating ecological and genetic frameworks will be critical for elucidating the drivers of resistance and tolerance and their evolutionary implications.

Employing a self-paced reading experiment, a read-aloud production task and a pen-and-paper questionnaire, we examined if Turkish (L2) and native (L1) speakers of English rely on similar or different mechanisms in comprehending and producing English subject–verb number agreement. The results showed that the syntactic distance of an attractor to the head noun affected the L1 speakers’ parsing decisions, while the L2 speakers were influenced by its linear proximity to the verb. The results also showed singular attraction in comprehension for both groups and (a tendency for) plural attraction in production. We argue that L1 and L2 speakers differ in the sources of attraction and in their cue weighting/encoding while processing and producing S-V agreement. Whereas syntactic proximity is more crucial in the L1 speakers’ agreement computation, L2 speakers weigh linear distance cue more heavily. We also argue that S-V agreement computation is governed through different mechanisms in comprehension and production.

Expositions of the fine-tuning argument (FTA) typically aim only to show that cosmic fine-tuning is evidence for theism over specific versions of naturalism. But, construed as an argument for theism, that modest contention threatens the FTA with insignificance, as there may be other hypotheses that better explain fine-tuning than either theism or one’s preferred formulation of naturalism. Adopting a Bayesian framework, I assess four such possibilities: the simulation hypothesis, teleological cosmopsychism, axiarchism, and teleological laws. I conclude that theism is superior to all four.

This case note critically analyses Justice Malek Mathiang Malek v The Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, a case that challenged President Mayardit’s dismissal of 14 judges in the East African Court of Justice as unlawful under South Sudan’s Transitional Constitution and the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community. The court upheld the challenge and ordered the president to reinstate the judges to their previous positions. However, instead of reinstating them, the judges were asked to reapply, which they refused to do, saying that they should be reinstated automatically. The case is a significant development for at least two reasons: 1) it is the first ever case to overrule President Mayardit’s Republican Decree; 2) it is a triumph for the rule of law in that the court declared that the president and his government are subject to the law – like all the governments of the partner states.

The analysis and interpretation of radiocarbon dates can involve many steps, such as switching between units or time-scales, assessing the impacts of contamination, applying marine or other offsets, inspecting calibration curves, calibrating dates, extracting probabilities from calibrated distributions, and analysing and plotting multiple dates. Here, we present rice, a new open-source R package which, together with other packages such as rbacon, Bchron, coffee and clam, enables users to perform such calculations within R, thus allowing most of the steps from data entry to calibration, age-modeling and subsequent analysis and interpretation of time-series to be performed within a single widely-used, multi-platform, transparent and open-source software environment. All calculation steps are documented and can be inspected, and users can also write new/enhanced functions. The package could thus prove useful in both educational and research settings.

Generating accurate and executable code using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge for underrepresented programming languages, such as Prolog and Lisp, due to the scarcity of public training data compared to high-resource languages like Python. This paper introduces a generalizable Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach that combines small-scale versions of the Qwen2.5-Coder model with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to enable effective code generation through reasoning. To address the limitations of sparse datasets, we integrate execution-driven feedback directly into the RL loop, utilizing a reward system that exploits both logical correctness and structural formatting. Experimental results on GSM8K dataset demonstrate significant improvements in reasoning quality and code accuracy across underrepresented languages. These findings underscore the potential of our approach to benefit a wide range of programming languages lacking extensive training resources by leveraging symbolic reasoning and interpreter-based feedback.

Let l and p be distinct primes, let F be a local field with residue field of characteristic p, and let $\mathfrak {X}$ be the irreducible component of the moduli space of Langlands parameters for $GL_3$ over $\mathbb {Z}_l$ corresponding to parameters of Steinberg type. We show that $\mathfrak {X}$ is Cohen–Macaulay and compute explicit equations for it. We also compute the Weil divisor class group of the special fibre of $\mathfrak {X}$, motivated by work of Manning for $GL_2$. Our methods involve the calculation of the cohomology of certain vector bundles on the flag variety, and build on work of Snowden, Vilonen–Xue, and Ngo.