It is assumed that the biology and ecology of commercial fish species are relatively well-known, given that many of these parameters are key for stock assessment in fisheries management. Surprisingly (or not), several new parasite species are described annually from fish that are of commercial and cultural importance. Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is an important commercial fish species in the North Atlantic with more than 50 parasite species having been reported from it. Despite its commercial importance in Icelandic waters, only 11 parasite species have been reported from Icelandic haddock. In February and March 2023, 26 haddock were sampled, including 16 and 10 from the north and south of Iceland, respectively. Fish were examined for parasites, with a focus on macroparasites (large, usually visible to the eye). Parasites were identified morphologically with identifications of helminths confirmed using DNA barcoding (Sanger sequencing). Overall, 19 different parasite species were recovered with 17 being shared between haddock sampled from the north and south of Iceland. Of these, eight represent new geographical records for parasites of haddock in Icelandic waters. Our study indicates that monitoring for parasites remains important, regardless of how well a species has been studied. Furthermore, reporting parasites per organ and per region, especially when areas are known to be influenced by different abiotic and physical features, is important in the context of parasites as biological tags for stock identification. Despite a small sample size, our study suggests that some parasites might act as potential biological tags for stock identification of haddock in Icelandic waters.

Digital technologies have transformed the way governments around the world maintain social and political order. However, the intrusive and often repressive nature of modern political control mechanisms, such as digital surveillance and digital censorship, is largely concealed from the public and becomes “normalized” by state propaganda, particularly in authoritarian regimes. Engaging with the political psychology literature on emotion, we examine how citizens respond emotionally to such control when exposed to relevant revealing information and how these emotions relate to shifts in attitudes toward authoritarian governments. Using a survey experiment and 50 in-depth interviews conducted in China, we find that exposure to revealing information about digital control slightly amplifies negative emotions but profoundly reduces positive emotions and significantly undermines public support for authoritarian digital governance. These effects are more pronounced in the context of digital surveillance than censorship and are most severe when individuals perceive control measures as personally targeted. Our findings underscore the political-psychological consequences of digital control, emphasizing the role of emotions in shaping public responses to digital authoritarianism based on new insights into the affective dimensions of digital repression.

Previous research on the underpinnings of support for conspiracy theories has explored the role of both generalized trust and political trust, but scholars have yet to explore whether both generalized and political anxiety are related to support for conspiracy theories. While studies have shown that general measures of anxiety predict support for conspiracy theories, researchers have not yet devoted much attention to understanding whether feelings of political anxiety are also related to conspiracy theory endorsement. Using data from an original survey fielded in 2023 that includes a measure of generalized anxiety and an eight-item measure that specifically captures political anxiety, we find that political anxiety is not related to conspiracy theory support, and that generalized anxiety is weakly related to conspiracy theory support. Thus, although there are good reasons to be concerned about the ill effects of political anxiety, it does not appear to be strongly related to conspiracy theory endorsement.

Authenticity has been a central concept in sociolinguistics and in the study of literary representations of dialect. This article examines the ideology of dialect authenticity in the context of literary fiction from the point of view of language users. Two Finnish reading groups comprising members with different dialect backgrounds read one Finnish novel, in which the Far Northern dialects of Finnish are represented in a partly unconventional manner. Thematic analysis was applied to two video-recorded reading group discussions to investigate how the groups discuss the novel’s dialect representation and its (in)authenticity. The analysis revealed that instead of adhering to a static and essentialist ideal of authenticity, the readers overlooked the unconventional representation of literary dialect and viewed authenticity as a dynamic process. The study contributes to theoretical discussions on dialect authenticity and employs an experimental approach to exploring language ideologies through reading groups.

This article explores the patriotic war bonds of the Second Polish Republic, which were sold both domestically and to the diaspora in the United States, during Poland’s border conflicts of 1918–21. It reveals how government and grassroots initiatives converged to mobilise diverse constituencies in Poland, including ethnic minorities, women and the poor. In the United States, these efforts were also marked by tensions between patriotism and professionalism in fundraising for a nationalist cause. It finds commonalities between the Polish war bonds and those of the Great War, in particular the US Liberty Loans. However, for Poland, the article argues, the bonds were not merely financial instruments but also vehicles through which the Second Polish Republic performed its newfound sovereignty, seeking popular recognition at home and abroad.

Poikilothermic and short-lived drifter species such as zooplankton are highly responsive to climate-driven changes and frontal systems in the Southern Ocean. To understand these changes, ongoing assessment of zooplankton is essential. Changes in abundance, biomass and species composition of zooplankton in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean were assessed during the austral summer of 2022/2023 using a ring net that was towed obliquely from an average depth of 200 m to the surface. Thirty-six zooplankton taxa were identified at seven stations, with copepods constituting 64% of the population across 23 species. Zooplankton abundance and biomass were higher in Transect 2 (60–64°S) compared to Transect 1 (50–54°S). A cluster analysis revealed four zooplankton community groups. Notably, the distribution patterns of non-copepod taxa appeared to be influenced by diel vertical migration behaviour, which was closely tied to seasonal dynamics and the timing of sampling. This study improves our understanding of how different oceanographical fronts and behavioural patterns shape zooplankton communities in the Southern Ocean, emphasizing the need for improved sampling to include smaller zooplankton species and to better resolve temporal dynamics.

Violent variability, such as flaring activity, of planet-hosting stars is known to strongly affect prebiotic processes on their planets; therefore, its role in such processes is being extensively studied nowadays. On the contrary, the role of regular variability, such as variability of pulsating stars, has yet been unexplored. In this article, we investigate how large-amplitude variability of pulsating stars may affect the prebiotic evolution on their planets. We show that the RR Lyr type variables are particularly relevant because their lightcurves possess amplitudes, periods, and time profiles that are potentially most suitable to drive prebiotic reactions.

This study examines the elicited production of Spanish infinitives versus gerunds among Spanish/English bilingual children and adolescents in the United States. We focus on three contexts: infinitives in subject position, infinitives with the phrasal verb parar de (“to stop doing something”), and infinitives with the prepositional verb parar a (“to stop to do something”). Results showed that children and adolescents produced fewer infinitives than their Spanish-dominant parents in subject position and with parar de, often overextending the gerund. By contrast, all groups performed more accurately with parar a, where English and Spanish align structurally. Language dominance and Spanish experience significantly predicted more target-like infinitive use, while chronological age and English dominance were associated with increased gerund overextension. These findings support the Bilingual Alignment Hypothesis, showing that heritage Spanish morphosyntactic development is gradual and context-sensitive, with greater accuracy in areas of crosslinguistic convergence.

With this paper, we aim to bring the history of the rural landscapes and communities of the ancient (‘Classical’) Mediterranean back into the limelight, drawing attention to their contributions to and pivotal roles within the multifaceted structural transformations of the Mediterranean in the first millennium bce. To do so, we focus on two case studies from one particular region that looms large amongst those heavily exploited by ancient colonial powers: the island of Sardinia. In chronological terms, our focus is on the so-called Punic and Roman periods, roughly spanning between the fifth century bce and the fifth century ce. Long overlooked, if not outright dismissed, in conventional accounts of the ancient Mediterranean, the rural communities of Punic-Roman Sardinia were not only vital economic producers, but also formed large and culturally distinct social groups. They actively maintained their own traditions, ways of living and practices in the face of the ruling classes’ disruptive initiatives. Their actions to shape their identity and history resonate closely with the theory of the ‘history of subaltern groups’ formulated in Antonio Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks, particularly Notebook 25. We draw upon a semiotic understanding of Gramsci’s notion of subalternity to strengthen archaeology’s ability to foreground the materiality of those communities unaccounted for by history. Our goal is to discuss comparatively the material signs of rural life of Punic and Roman-period Sardinia, to outline an alternative decolonial perspective on the island and to consider its implications for the wider ancient Mediterranean.

Three motor sledges were taken on Captain Robert Falcon Scott’s expedition to Antarctica in 1910. They performed poorly, making only small contributions to the polar journey and making no contribution to the expedition’s scientific programme.

The motor sledges have received little attention from historians and researchers. No definitive work has been published. The purpose of this article is to provide an authoritative, reliable and complete history of Scott’s Antarctic motor sledges.

This article studies Belton Hamilton’s concept for a “chain track” vehicle, then traces its development path through two prototype vehicles and two snow trials in Norway. The outcomes of the snow trials and associated recommendations are reviewed. The article then considers Scott’s detailed plans to reach the South Pole and his instructions to the Motor Party in pursuit of that goal. Four major problems that prevented the motor sledges from satisfying Scott’s instructions are identified.

Several conclusions are drawn. It is apparent that the vehicles were flawed from the outset by poor engineering decisions about track design, engine power and carburetion/airflow. It is unlikely that experimentation or minor refinement in the Antarctic would have produced vehicles reliable enough to make a major contribution to the polar journey.