We learn time-dependent perturbation theory, where we focus on finding the probability that an applied perturbation causes a transition between energy levels of the unperturbed Hamiltonian. We calculate the probability amplitude for a transition from an initial state to a final state subject to a time-dependent perturbation. We learn that an excited state in an atom has a finite lifetime due to spontaneous emission. We learn that electric dipole transitions obey selection rules.
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