This article surveys nonlinear model reduction methods that remain effective in regimes where linear reduced-space approximations are intrinsically inefficient, such as transport-dominated problems with wave-like phenomena and moving coherent structures, which are commonly associated with the Kolmogorov barrier. The article organizes nonlinear model reduction techniques around three key elements – nonlinear parametrizations, reduced dynamics and online solvers – and categorizes existing approaches into transformation-based methods, online adaptive techniques, and formulations that combine generic nonlinear parametrizations with instantaneous residual minimization.

Digital Twin Construction (DTC) is a data-centric mode of construction that leverages digital twin technologies to maintain a continuously updated representation of a project and to enable short cycle Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) planning and control with continuous feedback and improvement. Industrial implementations reported to date have been too narrow in scope and too few in number to provide comprehensive proof of feasibility and empirical evidence of impacts. We address these gaps using a laboratory setup that implements a complete DTC PDCA workflow for a precast residential project. The experimental DTC system stores project intent, monitors and captures current status, and supports human in the loop replanning or automated optimization across factory production, logistics, and erection on site for a 1:25 scale model building. Validation through numerous full construction project runs demonstrates consistent end-to-end operation and practical usability. The testbed itself provides a reference architecture for DTC systems and a platform for controlled and replicable experiments that provide comparable quantitative evidence on DTC impacts under varied levels of automation.

Let $\Omega _1, \ldots , \Omega _m$ be probability spaces, let ${\mathbf \Omega }=\Omega _1 \times \cdots \times \Omega _m$ be their product and let $A_1, \ldots , A_n \subset {\mathbf \Omega }$ be events. Suppose that each event $A_i$ depends on $r_i$ coordinates of a point $x \in {\mathbf \Omega }$, $x=\left (\xi _1, \ldots , \xi _m\right )$, and that for each event $A_i$ there are $\Delta _i$ other events $A_j$ that depend on some of the coordinates that $A_i$ depends on. Let $\Delta =\max \{5,\ \Delta _i\,:\, i=1, \ldots , n\}$ and let $\mu _i=\min \{r_i,\ \Delta _i+1\}$ for $i=1, \ldots , n$. We prove that if ${\mathbb P}(A_i) \lt (3\Delta )^{-3\mu _i}$ for all $i$, then for any $0 \lt \epsilon \lt 1$, the probability ${\mathbb P}\left ( \bigcap _{i=1}^n \overline {A}_i\right )$ of the intersection of the complements of all $A_i$ can be computed within relative error $\epsilon$ in polynomial time from the probabilities ${\mathbb P}\left (A_{i_1} \cap \ldots \cap A_{i_k}\right )$ of $k$-wise intersections of the events $A_i$ for $k = e^{O(\Delta )} \ln (n/\epsilon )$.

This paper introduces the concept of the regulatory ethos to describe some common values and ideals that underscore the close connection between validation and regulation that this issue of BJHS Themes explores. We identify the primary motivation for this ethos as making knowledge production processes traceable, and define the regulatory ethos as valuing plans over situated actions, uniformity over heterogeneity, auditing over communication, and validation over validity. Standard operating procedures, reporting checklists, preregistrations, compliance rules and monitoring are key means through which this ethos is enacted. While regulators have been instrumental in promulgating this ethos, it is not confined to the regulatory sphere. We argue that reforms aimed at enhancing rigour and reproducibility are an example of how the practices and values associated with regulatory science have diffused out into academic science. Identifying this ethos as regulatory in origin – rather than wholly new or as part of a broader process of modernization – allows us to see that alternatives are not unscientific per se, and better identify the strengths and weaknesses of the regulatory ethos of science, such as the risk that data produced through these procedures will be replicable, statistically rigorous, and transparent, but not meaningful.

This paper describes a prototype test harness that has been developed to evaluate the use of large language model retrieval-augmented generation systems for humanities and social science research, with an emphasis on collections held in the galleries, libraries, archives and museum sector. We propose the development of new modes of research software engineering oriented towards the values and principles of those communities, and rigorous modes of software testing grounded in industry best practices.

The olive weevil Pimelocerus perforatus (Roelofs, 1873) is a destructive wood-boring pest of Oleaceae plants, which has caused serious damage to Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall and Olea europaea L. in China and Japan. This study evaluated the feeding preference, nutritional indices, and oviposition performance of olive weevil adults feeding on five Oleaceae plants, F. pennsylvanica, O. europaea, Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Syringa oblata Lindl., and Ligustrum × vicaryi Rehder. The results showed that adult olive weevils preferred to feed on O. fragrans, with a selection rate of 56.25 ± 6.91%, followed by F. pennsylvanica and O. europaea. No feeding preference was observed on L. × vicaryi. The nutritional index F values for female adult weevils feeding on F. pennsylvanica and S. oblata were the highest, 0.37 ± 0.02 g and 0.37 ± 0.01 g, respectively. For both female and male adults, F values were lowest on O. europaea for both sexes, while ECD, ECI, and GR were highest on this host. Although adult olive weevils preferred O. fragrans, the female adults did not exhibit oviposition behaviour after feeding on O. fragrans. After feeding on F. pennsylvanica and S. oblata, the maximum number of eggs laid by female adults was 19.20 ± 3.90 and 18.80 ± 3.11, respectively. Therefore, we believe that F. pennsylvanica and S. oblata may be the plants with the most serious harm caused by adult olive weevils, while O. fragrans could be used as a trap plant to attract female adult olive weevils.

Inaugurated in 1948 with initially 23 signatories, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) constituted a vital part of the post-war economic architecture. While traditionally the founding of the GATT has been strongly identified with the role of US hegemonic power and free trade enthusiasm, this article reframes the GATT’s origins by highlighting how (anti-)imperial dynamics shaped negotiations over its basic elements, including participation, membership, and permissible exceptions to most-favoured nation principles. Drawing on sources from the GATT archives and government documents from the United Kingdom and the United States, it highlights how empires sought to preserve key elements of imperial economic relations, including by incorporating imperial authority structures, preserving colonial preference systems, and creating other exceptions to trade liberalization. It also shows how developing countries leveraged the trade negotiations to loosen the grip of empires, expand participation, and promote regional and developmental cooperation. Consequently, the final GATT outcome represents a hybrid and transitionary organization, with the organization preserving key elements of imperial economic relations even as it incorporated some demands for the equality of states and economic justice.