Manes (1998). Implementing Collection Classes with Monads. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 8 (231–276) introduced the notion of a collection monad on the category of sets as a suitable semantics for collection types. The canonical example of collection monad is the finite powerset monad. In order to account for the algorithmic aspects, the category of sets should be replaced with categories whose arrows are maps computable by low-complexity algorithms. Inspired by realizability, we give a systematic way for constructing categories of small sets and low-complexity functions and define an analogue of collection monads on such categories.

Thought reform campaigns aimed at the psychological transformation of captives have long been tools to enhance national security and political legitimacy in East Asia. Fusing Soviet concepts of human perfectibility and Confucian ideals of transformation through education, sophisticated systems have evolved to convert political opponents. Whether labelled as tenkō in Japan, ‘self-renovation’ in Nationalist China, or ‘new learning’ in the People’s Republic of China, these programmes shared the fundamental goal of pressuring individuals to renounce previous beliefs and adopt state-sanctioned ideologies. This article examines how Japanese war crimes prisoners, political dissidents, and former Chinese Nationalist officers experienced these campaigns. Despite differences in implementation, each regime used confession, group study, and psychological coercion. This historical perspective is particularly relevant today as China’s leadership continues to weaponise historical narratives – including the ‘correct’ understandings of WWII history – with implications for contemporary tensions between China and Taiwan.

A despairing agent might object to climate obligations by framing them as too demanding to be morally required because they give rise to burdensome consequences of despair, like depression. This objection can be refuted on the grounds that it is morally wrong. However, when it is understood as symptomatic of moral injury, an alternative response prioritizing moral repair is illuminated. I consider how the virtue of epistemic humility can promote tasks for repair, like attentiveness to symptoms of moral injury. I see this virtue as a basis for an active form of care for others and the self that resists temptations to refer to this objection.

Democracy is anchored by communication, grounded in a commitment to factual truth. This is an ideal historically captured by the ancient Athenian concept of parrhesia (frankness) and, in contemporary deliberative theory, by sincerity. This essay argues that the US far right has hijacked this democratic ideal, weaponizing it to create a post-truth environment and fuel a form of demagogic propaganda. The essay traces the historical evolution of the truth-telling ideal, noting how sincerity can morph into an antirhetorical style of “hyper-sincerity,” which performs shamelessness for a citizenry sidelined by massive economic inequality and corporate power. Drawing on Jason Stanley’s work, the essay then argues that this rhetorical style has become a form of fascist demagoguery, a rhetorical style that poses a threat to the very possibility of democratic politics. The final section explores the possibilities for irony as an antidote to hyper-sincerity. It reveals that the far right has also hijacked irony to create a mode of “fascist irony.” The paper concludes by calling for a “civic irony” rooted in a commitment to democratic values.

The letters exchanged between Ignatius Sancho and Laurence Sterne in 1766 have encountered considerable attention, as have those passages in Sterne’s works that seemingly engage with antislavery discourse. Some critics suggest these passages fail to address slavery directly; Sterne, in turn, has been viewed as readily capitalizing on his connection with Sancho to promote a philanthropic image that his writings do not support, and even to exploit it for financial gain. This article suggests a recalibration, partly based on the chronology of this exchange and its first public appearance in 1775. It argues that a richer understanding of Sancho’s and Sterne’s reception histories, and especially the role played by the eighteenth-century press in recirculating reviews of and excerpts from this exchange, helps to establish a more nuanced approach toward how the public image and the texts of both writers were subsequently incorporated into antislavery and Abolitionist debates.

We study electoral participation in the provinces of Chile from 1932 to 1950, a time when electoral democracy and a competitive party system coincided with the adoption of import-substitution industrialization and growing migration into urban areas. Drawing on provincial-level data, we assess the effect of institutional, economic, and sociodemographic factors on voter turnout. The enfranchisement of women for municipal elections in 1935 unexpectedly reduced participation, as few women initially joined the electoral rolls. Higher literacy levels were associated with lower turnout, challenging modernization theory expectations. Urbanization, in contrast, was positively linked to participation. Surprisingly, provinces with strong mining and manufacturing sectors did not exhibit higher turnout, suggesting limited mobilization by leftist parties and barriers faced by informal workers and recent migrants. The findings underscore that suffrage expansion alone is insufficient to increase participation without targeted mobilization efforts. The study contributes to understanding the complexities of democratization and highlights the importance of bottom-up political engagement to complement institutional reforms in expanding political inclusion.

In this paper, we consider the time-dependent Born–Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) of a classical quantum molecule involving a possibly large number of nuclei and electrons, described by a Schrödinger equation. In the spirit of Born and Oppenheimer’s original idea, we study quantitatively the approximation of the molecular evolution. We obtain an iterable approximation of the molecular evolution to arbitrary order, and we derive an effective equation for the reduced dynamics involving the nuclei equivalent to the original Schrödinger equation and containing no electron variables. We estimate the coefficients of the new equation and find tractable approximations for the molecular dynamics going beyond the one corresponding to the original Born and Oppenheimer approximation.

Mughal historiography has primarily focused on the lives of royal women vis-à-vis the harem and the imperial court. Looking at the entanglements of power, gender, and social capital, this article attempts to study another group of women—courtesans—as cultural and economic agents in early modern North India. The aim here is to move away from an empire-centric study of women and look closely at non-royal women who normally figure peripherally in official sources. The article locates them within the monetary and non-monetary transactions of the slave trade and explores how it acted as a form of generating social capital for such women. Since possession of slaves was a mark of distinction and affluence, the article argues that a section of courtesans, by being slave owners, belonged to the upper strata of the economic class. Moreover, relaxations in taxes as well as gifts and rewards further show that these courtesans managed to gain a foothold in the socio-political sphere. In this manner, they can be considered liminal actors who belonged to mobile communities, both geographically and socially. Departing from a homogenised narrative, the article shows that courtesans functioned within a patriarchal system that simultaneously empowered and marginalised them.

Archaeology is not new to public education. However, scholars of archaeology education have noted the lack of a systematic approach to the field in the last two decades. In our case study of the Trowels to Teaching Workshop, a five-day professional development program for Maryland K-12 educators conducted in 2025 through the Baltimore Community Archaeology Lab at Towson University, we offer a model for embedding archaeology education in existing applied archaeology programs in the academy. The workshop combined hands-on field and laboratory training, collaboration with Indigenous representatives from the Piscataway Conoy Tribe and the Pocomoke Indian Nation, and active participation by undergraduate student employees who both learned and taught archaeological skills. Formal pre- and post-assessments demonstrated significant learning gains among participating teachers, including increases in archaeological knowledge, confidence in lesson design, and awareness of descendant perspectives. The outcomes highlight how applied archaeology programs in universities can integrate teacher professional development into existing research, provide undergraduates with transformative teaching experiences, and deepen collaborations with descendant communities.

Scholars of American religion should be attentive to the ways in which academic Religious Studies in a US context have been implicated in the acquisition of sacred objects from religious communities abroad. This article illustrates these entanglements with a case study tracing the acquisition history of a collection of religious artifacts removed from the Samaritan community of Nablus in Palestine. It uses archival records to reconstruct the collection’s extraction by a group of Christian philanthropists connected to the World Sunday School Association, and its subsequent movements across spaces and owners in the United States. The story of this collection—now accessioned as the Chamberlain Warren Samaritan Collection and held in Michigan State University’s Library—is one example among many of a lively antiquities market for Western acquisition of artifacts out of Palestine during the 19th and early 20th centuries. What is especially informative about this case study for scholars of American religion, however, is that it illuminates how the concept of historical significance has functioned as a barometer for evaluating not only the worth of objects but also the religious communities from which they originate.

Breastfeeding is a critical component of infant nutrition, and breastfed infants are less likely to become stunted or obese reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases in adult life. Optimal breastfeeding practices remain a challenge worldwide; as adolescents are the mothers and fathers of tomorrow, integrating DOHaD-informed knowledge into school curricula is called for. However, research indicates adolescents have low awareness of the importance of the first 1000 days of life, only see specific elements as relevant to them, and gender-related differences exist in their comprehension. This study evaluated the impact on adolescents of an in-class presentation on parenting and the benefits of breastfeeding in high schools in 5 African countries. Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were completed by 345 pupils (182 girls, 163 boys, mean age 17.9 years). Analysis indicated the education session impacted pupils’ perceptions of parenting and changed which aspects of breastfeeding they viewed as most and least interesting. A statistically significant difference was evident between genders on the importance of cost-benefits; more boys saw relevance for fathers that no cost is incurred for formula. Boys also ranked the potential to reduce diabetes healthcare costs in adult life higher than girls. Girls preferentially ranked breastfed babies crying less, being easier to feed at night, and diaper changing being less gross as benefits for fathers. School-based education can engage adolescents and impact knowledge and attitudes about breastfeeding. Awareness of differences in girls’ and boys’ perceptions of relevance will enable educational content to be targeted to attract and inform both genders.