This article examines a corpus of seventeenth-century letters written by Japanese-born Christian women exiled to Batavia following Tokugawa Japan’s anti-Christian measures of the late 1630s. Known as jagatara-bumi (Jakarta letters), these texts were produced under conditions of enforced separation, delayed communication, and close surveillance, circulating through Dutch, Chinese, and Nagasaki intermediaries. Situating them within the contexts of Tokugawa persecution, transregional communicative regimes, and early modern epistolary cultures, the article argues that letter-writing functioned as a form of epistolary endurance: a practice of sustaining relational presence across distance and faced with uncertainty. It develops the concept of a ‘grammar of separation’ to describe the historically situated, patterned ways in which rupture was articulated and managed in exile. Rather than reading these letters as transparent records, it treats them as structured practices shaped by convention, constraint, and hybrid religious vocabularies, analysed across emotional, textual, social, and spiritual registers.

Debt financing plays a critical role in the financial sustainability of nonprofit organizations, yet scholarly understanding of the factors influencing nonprofits’ access to debt remains limited. This study explores the antecedents of creditworthiness among Chinese nonprofits, focusing on the role of political connections, revenue diversification, and organizational size. Drawing on signaling theory, we argue that these factors serve as credible signals to lenders, reducing information asymmetry and thereby enhancing nonprofits’ access to debt. Using survey data from Chinese nonprofits, we find that political connections and organizational size significantly improve creditworthiness, while revenue diversification does not. The findings also reveal a heavy reliance on debt among Chinese nonprofits, highlighting the importance of debt financing as a useful financial tool in resource-constrained environments. This study adds to the literature on nonprofit debt by presenting evidence from the unique and underexplored authoritarian context of China and by offering practical insights for nonprofits seeking to enhance their creditworthiness.

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) is a highly competitive annual broadleaf weed that significantly constrains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, particularly under increasing herbicide resistance and limited chemical control options. Optimizing sowing geometry offers a practical, nonchemical approach to enhance crop competitiveness and suppress weed growth. A field study was conducted during 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the impact of different sowing geometries on R. raphanistrum suppression and wheat productivity. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments, including broadcast sowing; line sowing at 11, 22, and 33 cm; ridge sowing (30 cm); bed sowing (60 cm); and cross sowing (22 cm). Sowing geometry significantly influenced R. raphanistrum density and biomass at all growth stages (15 to 45 d after sowing). Narrow spacing (11 cm) consistently resulted in the lowest weed density and biomass, while the wider 33-cm spacing resulted in the highest weed pressure. Crop growth and yield responses were consistent across years, with 11-cm line sowing producing the highest number of productive tillers (393.7 m−2), grains per spike (42.9), biological yield (15.4 Mg ha−1) and grain yield (6.0 Mg ha−1) averaged across 2 yr. This treatment was closely followed by cross sowing (22 cm). In contrast, wider spacing (33 cm) reduced grain yield by approximately 25% to 30% due to increased weed competition and reduced crop competitiveness. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed a strong negative association between late-season weed biomass and wheat productivity, emphasizing the importance of sustained weed suppression during critical growth stages. Overall, narrow row spacing, particularly 11-cm line sowing, enhanced crop competitiveness, effectively suppressed R. raphanistrum, and maximized wheat yield, demonstrating its potential as an eco-friendly strategy for integrated weed management.

Editorials and commentaries have a central role in shaping debate, priorities and values within psychiatry. Reflecting on the first decade of BJPsych Open, we consider how topical writing both responds to and helps define emerging scientific, social, ethical and political challenges. Looking ahead, we suggest that global instability, technological change and pressures on academic freedom will increasingly shape psychiatric discourse, underscoring the importance of editorial independence, methodological rigour and openness to the airing of contested ideas in guiding the journal’s next decade.

We describe the K-moduli spaces of weighted hypersurfaces of degree $2(n+3)$ in $\mathbb {P}(1,2,n+2,n+3)$. We show that the K-polystable limits of these weighted hypersurfaces are also weighted hypersurfaces of the same degree in the same weighted projective space. This is achieved by an explicit study of the wall crossing for K-moduli spaces $M_w$ of certain log Fano pairs with coefficient w whose double cover gives the weighted hypersurface. Moreover, we show that the wall crossing of $M_w$ coincides with variation of GIT except at the last K-moduli wall which gives a divisorial contraction. Our K-moduli spaces provide new birational models for some natural loci in the moduli space of marked hyperelliptic curves.

This paper explores and compares smoking advertisements and anti-smoking and anti-cancer messages in Australia’s migrant press, particularly newspapers, from 1930 to 1960. It investigates the ways in which smoking was promoted to migrant communities through their newspapers, contrasts this with the increasing prevalence of anti-smoking and broader anti-cancer messages, and explores whether there were any shifts in advertising and in anti-smoking messages following the growing research linking smoking and cancer (particularly lung cancer) from 1950. These messages were ultimately tied to this growing research, as well as the various Australian state and national anti-cancer campaign committees which emphasised early diagnosis and swift treatment as the best method to combat a range of cancers. Yet the Australian authorities, although finally acknowledging the dangers of cigarette smoking, rejected any government intervention other than providing the medical reports to the public. Greek-language newspapers (notably To Ethnico Vema) form an important case study; however, other foreign-language and migrant community papers were also consulted, including Italian, Jewish, and French.

The idea of “self-reliance” has endured in Chinese political discourse for nearly a century, transcending profound changes in China’s political, economic and strategic circumstances. Although it is frequently misinterpreted as economic isolation or autarky, the idea of self-reliance in China has always acknowledged the country’s engagement with the global economy. Drawing on the discursive institutionalist concept of ideational resilience, we show that self-reliance comprises three interlocking elements: autonomy, interdependence and order-shaping. While these sit in tension with one another, they have also accommodated one another since the earliest articulations of the idea. This tripartite structure has enabled Chinese leaders since the Republican era to reinterpret and usefully deploy the idea of self-reliance. Our findings underscore the resilience of Chinese foreign economic policy ideas, as well as the ideational logic behind Xi Jinping’s seemingly contradictory pursuit of technological self-reliance, open global markets and greater connectivity with the developing world.

The Mineiro Belt is an example of the Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite (TTG)-Sanukitoid transition, exemplified by the Lagoa Dourada (LDS, 2350 Ma) and the Alto Maranhão (AMS, 2130 Ma) suites. Their opaque mineralogy, along with the amphibole chemistry, was investigated to better understand the granitic magmatism at that time. The LDS contains magnetite, ilmenite, chalcopyrite and pyrite as opaque primary phases, while the AMS includes ilmenite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, pentlandite and sphalerite. With magnetite predominating in the LDS and ilmenite in the AMS, they should be classified as magnetite and ilmenite series granitoids, respectively. In the TTGs, the amphiboles are ferrotschermakite, whereas in the sanukitoids, they are primarily Mg-hornblende to actinolite. Despite the opaque mineralogy, the positive correlation between Fe# and AlIV in the amphiboles, along with the lower Fe# values in the ilmenite-bearing sanukitoids, suggests higher fO2 conditions compared to the magnetite-bearing TTGs. Although both opaque assemblages indicate fO2 values above the FMQ buffer, exceeding 10−18 bars for the ilmenite-bearing sanukitoids and 10−17 bars for the magnetite-bearing TTGs, their crystallization occurs close to the equilibrium reaction titanite + magnetite + quartz – Fe-Mg-Ca silicates + ilmenite. The assemblages show that the magnetite-bearing TTGs crystallized at lower temperatures (700–800°C) than ilmenite-bearing sanukitoids (800°C), showing a temperature dependency of fO2 once the latter register higher fO2, despite being ilmenite-series granitoids. This intriguing scenario may be due to a combination of heterogeneously metasomatized magma sources, temperature condition, fH2O and sediment entrance in the subduction, explained by the changes in crustal growth processes towards modern plate tectonics.

Geometrical optics (GO) is widely used for reduced modelling of waves in plasmas, but it fails near reflection points, where it predicts a spurious singularity of the wave amplitude. We show how to avoid this singularity by adopting a different representation of the wave equation. Instead of the physical coordinate $x$ and the wavevector $k$, we use the ray time $\tau$ as the new canonical coordinate and the ray energy $h$ as the associated canonical momentum. To derive the envelope equation in the $\tau$-representation, we construct the Weyl symbol calculus on the $(\tau , h)$ space and show that the corresponding Weyl symbols are related to their $(x, k)$ counterparts by the Airy transform. This allows us to express the coefficients in the envelope equation through the known properties of the original dispersion operator. When necessary, solutions of this equation can be mapped to the $x$-space using a generalised metaplectic transform. However, the field per se might not even be needed in practice. Instead, knowing the corresponding Wigner function usually suffices for linear and quasilinear calculations. As a Weyl symbol itself, the Wigner function can be mapped analytically, using the aforementioned Airy transform. We show that the standard Airy patterns that form in regions where conventional GO fails are successfully reproduced within metaplectic GO (MGO) simply by remapping the field from the $\tau$-space to the $x$-space. An extension to mode-converting waves is also presented. This formulation, which we call generalised MGO, can be particularly useful, for example, for reduced modelling of the O–X conversion in inhomogeneous plasma near the critical density, an effect that is important for fusion applications and also occurs in the ionosphere. Overall, MGO can replace GO for any practical purposes, because it better handles cutoffs and is similar otherwise.

In this paper, I argue that Taurek’s positive view, namely that we ought to show equal respect and concern to those affected by our actions, commits him to saving the bigger number in some cases. This leads to an adjustment of his negative claim, namely that numbers don’t count. Numbers don’t count in the sense he was interested in, i.e., sums of harms or benefits (across different people) lack moral significance. Numbers do count, however, when considering how to act fairly which is what equal respect demands. This adjustment supports Taurek’s general view on how to think about moral matters.