In addition to the two past indicative tenses we have so far seen, the perfect (‘he did, he has done’) and the imperfect (‘he was doing, he used to do’), Latin has a pluperfect (‘he had done’). In the active, the pluperfect is formed by attaching an ending formed like the imperfect of sum to the perfect stem of the verb (third principal part minus -ī). In the passive, it is formed by adding the imperfect of sum to the perfect participle (fourth principal part). See the table on the next page.
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