Cet article examine la problématique de la grossophobie en discutant de ses racines comme de ses impacts sur les personnes qui en sont victimes ainsi que sa manifestation au sein du droit. Il explore plus précisément comment le droit et les politiques publiques peuvent perpétuer la stigmatisation des corps, notamment à travers les interventions en matière de saine alimentation. L’étude se concentre sur l’approche environnementale adoptée au Québec pour promouvoir une alimentation saine, en interrogeant sa capacité à éviter la stigmatisation individuelle. S’appuyant sur le cadre théorique des Fat Studies, l’article expose l’argumentation politique des Fat Studies, présente le cadre normatif québécois destiné à la création d’environnements favorables à la saine alimentation, et examine la place accordée au poids corporel dans les politiques publiques québécoises liées à la saine alimentation dans le but d’offrir une perspective critique sur les approches actuelles en santé publique ainsi que leurs impacts sur la perception sociétale de la grosseur.

Recently, Alfvénic ion temperature gradient (AITG) modes have been observed in the core plasma on the HL-2A tokamak. Only when electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and neutral beam injection are simultaneously injected into the deuterium plasma do the AITG modes become unstable. The instability is electromagnetic and localised in the core plasma with an internal transport barrier. Dynamic evolution of AITG modes is greatly affected by the off-axis ECRH. Theoretical analysis suggests that there is a strong dependence of the AITG modes on $\eta _i\simeq \boldsymbol{\nabla }\ln T_i/\boldsymbol{\nabla }\ln n_i$, where $n_i$ is the ion density. It is also found that ECRH can enhances AITG modes by causing a drop of electron density and an increase of $\tau =T_e/T_i$; here $T_e$ and $T_i$ are the electron and ion temperatures, respectively. Besides, high-power ECRH may also change the safety factor or magnetic shear and then contribute to the mitigation of AITG modes. The new findings can not only enrich scientific knowledge for pressure gradient-driven instability, but also be beneficial to active control of core-localised electromagnetic modes in future fusion devices.

Conspiratorial thinking is an indelible part of American politics; indeed, conspiracy theories proliferated in North America even before the founding of the United States. A current headwind of trends appears to facilitate a surge in conspiratorial thinking, including the increased spread and accessibility of misinformation, steady declines in public trust in authority figures, and an increasingly polarized electorate marked by mutual partisan animosity. The annual symposium of the UC Irvine Center for Neuropolitics brought together experts in law, political science, neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology to discuss why and how conspiracy thought develops and persists. This paper synthesizes the insights from that symposium, addressing the foundations of conspiracy thinking in both individuals and society as a whole, and its place in the current American political landscape. Through integrating various disciplinary perspectives, the symposium aimed to identify possible pathways to alleviating the prevalence and influence of conspiratorial thinking.

The increasing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds underscores the need to integrate non- chemical weed management approaches in soybean. Weed electrocution may be a viable option; however, limited research exists on the subject. A multi-state study was conducted to evaluate electrocution as a late-season weed control method in soybean across six Midwestern states, including Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. The Weed Zapper™ electrocution implement was assessed across thirteen site-years during 2021 and 2022. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the efficacy of weed electrocution on various weed species at travel speeds of 4.8 and 8.1 km h⁻¹, and (ii) compare the efficacy with other commercially available weed control options. Other non-chemical weed control treatments, which varied by location and were evaluated at selected site-years, included an inter-row cultivator, a tine cultivator, a row shaver, and a weed wiper. Weed species differed in their responses to electrocution, with the greatest control observed for giant ragweed (85%) at 14 d after treatment (DAT). Waterhemp control ranged from 43% to 78% across seven site-years, with ≥70% control achieved at four site-years. Averaged across weed species, control did not differ between electrocution speeds at 7 DAT, 14 DAT, or at soybean harvest. Weed electrocution generally provided similar or lesser control than other non-chemical treatments. In Illinois, waterhemp control with electrocution (78%) was comparable to single (65%) and sequential pass (88%) inter-row cultivation at 14 DAT in 2022. In Kansas, electrocution provided similar Palmer amaranth control (40%) to the row shaver in 2022, but lesser control in 2021 (50% vs. 73%). The results from this study suggest that weed electrocution could be a component of integrated weed management for late-season weed escapes in soybean.

Today, autocratization is the predominant trend of regime development. However, if we focus on autocratization as democratic erosion or decline, such a trend is not matched by an equivalent increase in the number of democratic breakdowns or autocracies. Why (and how) do some democracies survive autocratization, while others do not? Current research on autocratization has recently turned toward studies on democratic endurance. In particular, mostly large-N contributions focusing on structural factors protecting democracy from autocratization onset (democratic resilience) have lately been complemented by numerous small-N contributions exploring concrete actions that can stop ongoing autocratization processes before democratic breakdown (democratic resistance). However, due to its necessarily limited scope, such qualitative evidence on democratic resistance may be subject to internal and external validity issues. Therefore, we systematically advance the research on resistance to autocratization within a comparative framework. Using a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we examine 69 autocratization episodes that began in democracies in the 21st century (2000–23). Our analysis reveals the combinations of institutional, political, social, and external conditions of democratic resistance that impede democratic collapse during autocratization episodes. While the success of individual actions is mainly context-specific, we demonstrate that it is the cooperation across various areas of resistance (unity makes strength) that characterizes the multiple, and cross-nationally robust, sufficient configurations of democratic survival during autocratization processes. Through alternative analytical choices, robustness tests, and integration of sources, we bolster the validity of prior studies on democratic resistance to autocratization and point to further research avenues.

Historians have explored Japanese drug manufacture and trafficking in Asia in the first half of the twentieth century. They have pointed out that in the same decades a domestically oriented morphine industry developed as result of Japanese efforts to achieve self-sufficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the development and impact of this industry. This article argues that the Japanese morphine industry had a significant impact on Japanese agriculture, promoted the rationalization of production processes in factories, and stood for a modern medical consumer culture. It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that poppy cultivation and morphine manufacture increasingly relied on resources and labour from the colonies. This also reflected a shift to a war economy. Drugs were then mainly produced for the military and found their way onto black markets in Japan and Northeast Asia.

Runaway electrons (REs), generated during plasma disruptions in tokamaks, pose significant challenges due to the risk of causing damage to the first wall of a device. Understanding the interaction between REs and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities is crucial for predicting a safe operation of large future tokamak devices in which RE generation will be drastically enhanced due to the high plasma current. In this work, we introduce a hybrid fluid–kinetic model within the three-dimensional nonlinear MHD code JOREK (Hoelzl et al. 2021 Nucl. Fusion, vol. 61, 065001; 2024 Nucl. Fusion, vol. 64, 112016), treating REs kinetically using a relativistic guiding-centre approach, while describing the background plasma by ansatz-based reduced MHD equations. At first, comprehensive benchmark studies are conducted regarding the two-dimensional equilibrium force balance with $J_{total}= J_{RE}$, and the linear stability of three-dimensional tearing modes (TMs), verifying the accuracy of the model against analytical predictions and other numerical methods, e.g. the full-orbit approach in JOREK and the fluid model in M3D-C1. These benchmark studies build a solid foundation for applying our model to more complex nonlinear scenarios. In this respect, we confirm that the nonlinear saturation of TMs is significantly influenced by the presence of REs. Previous analytical studies (Helander et al. 2007 Phys. Plasmas vol. 14, 122102) suggest that in the case of small $\varDelta ^\prime$, the saturation width of the magnetic island driven by REs is roughly 1.5 times larger than in the otherwise identical Ohmic current scenario. Our simulations are quantitatively in line with this prediction. Moreover, REs alter the energy evolution within the magnetic reconnection process and decouple the bulk plasma and magnetic fields. In summary, RE-driven magnetic reconnection leads to larger magnetic islands but weaker reconnection flows.

Social reproduction scholars have made headway in integrating the analysis of capitalism, class, gender, and care. We offer two contributions to this literature. First, we provide a novel framework with insights into companies as sites of decommodification, shaping childcare cost distribution and affecting childbearing rates. Second, we extend social reproduction research geographically to the oft-overlooked region of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe is home to 15 of the world’s 20 fastest-declining populations, with low fertility as a prime cause. We argue that privatization catalyzes commodification, raising work intensity and financial-temporal uncertainty and eroding collective resources for social reproduction, thereby impacting childbearing. We explore this mechanism quantitatively by employing four distinct definitions of privatization across two datasets: one covering 52 Hungarian towns (1989–2006) and another spanning 29 postsocialist countries (1989–2012). We shed light on the details of the mechanism through a qualitative analysis of 82 life-history interviews in four Hungarian towns, surveying the lived experience of privatization.

In 2024, the Women and Equalities Select Committee in the UK Parliament published a report entitled Misogyny in Music. It included the recommendations that ‘music colleges, conservatoires and other educational settings need to do more to address the gendering of instruments, roles and genres and improve the visibility of and support for female role models’. While there is a dearth of policy levers available to implement this recommendation, this article critically analyses three existing policy/regulatory frameworks that could be used for its implementation in England. The article also highlights a significant limitation of the report – its exclusion of trans and non-binary musicians.

Between 2012 and 2014, a crew from the Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project (PRAP) excavated a small mound located on the western periphery of the Pacbitun site, a medium-sized ancient Maya center located in west-central Belize. That mound consisted of a thick deposit of granite sand and debitage, revealing a record of the production of several thousand granite tools dating to the Late Classic period. Since those excavations, a total of 22 similar mounds have been recorded, with 11 tested. All tested mounds reveal a similar material record representing periodically used working platforms where granite tools were shaped and finished during the Late Classic period. The recorded granite debris mounds are distributed over an area of 1 km2 some 500 m from Pacbitun’s core, an area that we suggest represents a community of attached, part-time specialists making granite tools on a seasonal basis. Given the scale of granite tool production, we suspect this community made tools not just for local consumption, but also for consumption outside of Pacbitun as part of a strategy to navigate the dynamic political Late Classic landscape of the Belize River Valley.