Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] (referred to as L. multiflorum hereafter) is one of the most problematic grass weeds infesting agronomic and specialty crops across the United States. In 2023 to 2025, inadequate control of L. multiflorum populations (NY_R1, NY_R2, and NY_R3) with glyphosate was reported in Livingston, Ontario, and Genesee counties, New York. This research aimed to (1) confirm and quantify glyphosate resistance in these suspected glyphosate-resistant (GR) populations, (2) evaluate the efficacy of alternative postemergence herbicides, and (3) determine whether EPSPS gene amplification confers glyphosate resistance. A known glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population (AR_S) from Arkansas was included for comparison. Glyphosate dose–response assays indicated that NY_R1, NY_R2, and NY_R3 populations were 13-, 4-, and 5-fold resistant, respectively, relative to the AR_S population. Alternative postemergence herbicides, including clethodim, glufosinate, paraquat, and pinoxaden, provided 96% to 97% control and reduced shoot dry weight by 91% to 97% at 21 d after treatment (DAT). In contrast, nicosulfuron provided reduced control (63% to 74%) and limited biomass reduction (51% to 56%), suggesting possible resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in three tested populations. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that NY_R1 and NY_R3 had approximately 30-fold higher EPSPS gene copy numbers than AR_S, indicating gene amplification as a mechanism of glyphosate resistance. This study confirms the first case of GR L. multiflorum associated with EPSPS gene amplification in New York, underscoring the need for integrated, diversified weed management strategies to mitigate its spread.

Let M be a tame mouse modelling $\mathrm {ZFC}$. We show that M satisfies “$V=\mathrm {HOD}_x$ for some real x”, and that the restriction $\mathbb {E}^M\!\upharpoonright \![\omega _1^M,\mathrm {OR}^M)$ of the extender sequence $\mathbb {E}^M$ of M to indices above $\omega _1^M$ is definable without parameters over the universe of M. We show that M has universe $\mathrm {HOD}^M[X]$, where $X=M|\omega _1^M$ is the initial segment of M of height $\omega _1^M$ (including $\mathbb {E}^M\!\upharpoonright \!\omega _1^M$), and that $\mathrm {HOD}^M$ is the universe of a premouse over some $t\subseteq \omega _2^M$. We also show that M has no proper grounds via strategically $\sigma $-closed forcings. We then extend some of these results partially to non-tame mice, including a proof that many natural $\varphi $-minimal mice model “$V=\mathrm {HOD}$”, assuming a certain fine structural hypothesis whose proof was almost established in Closson [1], and has since been completed in the preprint [14].

An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at multiple locations in North Carolina to identify alternative herbicide combinations capable of providing effective preplant foliar weed control when glyphosate is unavailable. All combinations containing rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron provided 95% to 98% control of henbit, comparable to all glyphosate-based combinations. Treatments containing glyphosate achieved 100% control of common chickweed, and rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron combined with clethodim (90%) or 2,4-D (89%) were the only treatments that provided comparable control. Paraquat effectively controlled henbit and common chickweed, providing 91% and 87% control of these species, respectively. Although no treatment controlled annual bluegrass as effectively as glyphosate-based mixtures, paraquat alone, paraquat + 2,4-D, and clethodim + rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron each achieved ≥ 88% control. Saflufenacil was highly efficacious on purple cudweed, providing control comparable to glyphosate (≥ 97%). Tiafenacil alone provided limited control of most of the weed species evaluated in this study, but showed compatibility in mixtures, suggesting utility within diversified preplant foliar herbicide programs targeting specific weeds. While glyphosate remains available for use, incorporating one or more of these herbicides could enhance control of glyphosate-resistant weed biotypes and reduce selection pressure on glyphosate-susceptible weeds. Overall, rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron, paraquat, saflufenacil, tiafenacil, and clethodim, applied alone or in combination, offer practical preplant foliar options that can strengthen existing glyphosate-based programs and sustain effective winter annual weed control should glyphosate become limited or unavailable.

Radiological incidents are rare, but can have significant public health consequences. Coordination across jurisdictions, government agencies, and different fields is critical to ensure an effective response that minimizes health impacts. State and local government agencies face challenges in responding to radiological incidents such as constrained resources, siloed communications, and gaps in workforce training and capacity. The National Alliance for Radiation Readiness (NARR) is a network of experts composed of 20 member organizations and 10 federal partners. The NARR seeks to advance the nation’s capacity for radiation readiness through expert input, workforce training and capacity building, and increase communication and collaboration.

This article analyses the Niobe allusion of Iliad 24 (599–620), providing solutions to grammatical, structural, and narratological problems therein. I show how attention to an often-overlooked and universally misinterpreted occurrence of τε in line 602 paves the way to a new understanding of the passage as a whole. In addition, a supposed problem with the ring structure of the passage is resolved without the need of editorial intervention.

Individual loss reserving methods have undergone substantial development in the past decade, driven by increased accessibility to granular-level insurance claims data. This paper presents a micro loss reserving model tailored for multi-coverage insurance policies, where a single insurance claim might trigger payments from multiple coverage types. We employ a copula-based multivariate regression approach to jointly model the settlement time and loss amount, effectively capturing the dependence among various types of loss amounts and their correlation with the settlement time. We stress the importance of considering both types of dependence for accurate reserving prediction and uncertainty quantification. Furthermore, we propose computationally efficient algorithms for parameter estimation and dynamic prediction. Through numerical experiments and real data analysis, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed multivariate predictive model in loss reserving applications.

Mussel cells from three age groups (i.e., 2–4, 5–6, and ≥ 10 years) were tested for lysosomal membrane stability (LMS – membrane permeability and proton pump function), autophagic rate, and intralysosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS). LMS was significantly reduced in haemocytes and digestive cells of the hepatopancreas (digestive gland) in the two older groups of mussels, while autophagy in haemocytes was reduced in the oldest age group. ROS generation was measured in digestive cells and was reduced in the oldest age group. Age-related decline in LMS and autophagy may be related to dysfunction of the PI3P-Akt-mTOR signalling pathway. Lysosomal autophagy can also be a source of ROS generation as the degradation product lipofuscin (age/stress pigment) accumulates in autolysosomes and residual bodies; and lipofuscin-associated iron can generate ROS. Previous investigation found age-related increased lipid peroxidation in digestive gland cells, whereas this study only assessed ROS generation in the lysosomal compartment of digestive cells and may reflect increased lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction. Principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis showed that the three age groups were significantly different from each other, with the oldest mussels showing the greatest degree of cellular dysfunction. The anti-oxidative protective role of autophagy and possible links to lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction in ovarian oocytes and fecundity reduction with age are discussed in the context of increased fragility in health of older animals (e.g., digestion, autophagic recycling and repair & innate immunity). Consequently, it is recommended that young mussels should be used in environmental biomonitoring with LMS.

Compensatory policies for the losers of trade are a key feature of the liberal economic order established after the Second World War. Legislators have a variety of policy options to choose. But do political elites and the public have the same attitudes toward compensatory policies? We expect an elite–public gap with the public relatively less supportive of spending policies and more supportive of tax cuts and trade restrictions than political elites. Moreover, we reason that ideology should matter more for elites than the public. Unique data from a survey with legislators in 19 European countries and public opinion surveys in three countries allow us to test this argument. We find that elites and the public indeed differ in their attitudes toward compensatory policies. However, these differences pale in comparison to variation in support for various compensatory policies. These findings shed light on the politics of compensation and on the political attitudes of elites and the public more broadly.

Fast sampling photometry is a key observable for characterising fireballs, particularly their fragmentation episodes, which are strongly connected to the internal structure of the meteoroid and its physical properties. Accurate photometric measurements remain a challenge due to the large dynamic range required (upwards of 10 stellar magnitudes), driving operational complexity and cost. We have developed a system using an all-sky camera operating at up to 500 frames per second (FPS), featuring a novel implementation of detection localised auto-brightness control. The large data throughput is managed by custom software that performs transient detection, region-of-interest saving, and real-time photometry. We present results from two field deployments: the first validates the system’s photometric accuracy against conventional 30 FPS cameras, while the second demonstrates the successful implementation of detection localised auto-brightness control in capturing a bright, magnitude $-15$ fireball with minimal saturation. With the detection localised auto-brightness control, the system achieves an effective dynamic range between apparent magnitudes of approximately $-3$ to $-17$, allowing it to capture light curves with minimal saturation for most fireballs, excluding rare superbolides. The resulting high-quality light curve enabled a successful semi-empirical fragmentation analysis verifying the system’s ability to provide data for detailed physical modelling. The primary application for this validated system will be as a core component of the Global Fireball Observatory’s next-generation instrumentation. The intention is to deploy it in a hybrid observatory, operating alongside a dedicated high-resolution astrometric camera. This configuration will allow the network to simultaneously capture precise trajectory data for orbit and fall-line calculations and acquire complete, unsaturated high dynamic range light curves at high temporal resolution for detailed physical analysis, combining the strengths of both systems.

This paper studies a time-switching advection-diffusion system modelling the competition between Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in heterogeneous environments. The switching mechanism is induced by periodic releases of sterile Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, which are active only during their sexual lifespan within each release period. By defining a minimal release amount and four critical release period thresholds, we establish the periodic dynamics of the system, providing new insights into optimal control strategies of mosquitoes. Specifically, the trivial steady state is globally asymptotically stable if sterile releases are sufficiently frequent and abundant, which ensures the eradication of both Aedes species. For less frequent sterile releases, we prove the global asymptotic stability of the two semi-trivial periodic solutions and demonstrate the existence of a coexisting periodic solution, indicating cases where mosquito control fails. Numerical simulations are presented to validate our theoretical findings.

The UK has recently introduced regulations to prevent design features of online gambling products that may ‘encourage problem gambling behaviour’. One change has been to prohibit win-associated and celebratory audiovisual effects following monetary losses in online slots, intended to disable a misleading design feature known as ‘losses disguised as wins’ (LDWs). We assessed 26 popular online slots available to UK consumers. Contrary to regulatory guidance, 17 used win-associated sounds following LDWs, and 18 used sound effects following LDWs that we judged as ‘celebratory’. To independently validate our appraisal of these sound effects, we asked 400 UK-based gamblers to assess whether a selection of sound effects recorded from commercially available online slots communicated a positive outcome. In every case, the average consumer classifications of the recorded sounds were consistent with our own, validating our initial assessments. These results suggest that the misuse of celebratory sound effects in online slots still occurs in the UK market, despite this regulation. We argue that this is in part due to ambiguities in regulatory guidance that have enabled operators to technically comply with the regulation while circumventing its intended effect. We conclude by offering suggestions to amend and improve this regulation.

We present a multiphase study of the star-formation-driven outflow in the Virgo galaxy NGC 4383, combining ALMA CO(2–1) data with deep MeerKAT Hi imaging and MUSE spectroscopy obtained as part of the Multiphase Astrophysics to Unveil the Virgo Environment (MAUVE) program. Our previous work revealed a spectacular ionised outflow, but the effect of the outflow on the cold phase remained unclear. Our analysis shows that potentially outflowing molecular gas is detected only within the inner $\sim$1 kpc above the disc, where CO clouds exhibit disturbed kinematics and spatial correspondence with the ionisation cone. At larger heights, the CO surface brightness rapidly drops, indicating that the molecular phase contributes little to the mass of outflowing gas. In contrast, the Hi distribution shows plumes a few kiloparsecs above the disc that are aligned with the ionised cone, and complex kinematics suggestive of parts of the atomic phase being entrained in the outflow. However, the extended and warped Hi disc associated with NGC 4383 complicates the unambiguous identification of outflowing atomic gas and, most importantly, the quantification of outflowing mass and loading factor. Independent support for a cold component in the outflow comes from dust extinction features associated with the outflow and coincident with Hi plumes. Despite significant uncertainties in the estimate of the mass of cold gas associated with the outflow, these results suggest that the atomic phase likely dominates the cold outflow above $\sim$1 kpc. The observed cold gas velocities remain below the velocities of the ionised phase, suggesting that NGC 4383 does not host a large-scale escaping wind but more likely a galactic fountain, in which feedback redistributes material within the halo and regulates ongoing and future star formation.

This commentary is part of a series of responses to Michele Goodwin’s 2025 LSA presidential address.