The All of Us Evenings with Genetics (All of Us EwG) Research Program, funded in part by the National Institute of Health’s All of Us Research Program, engages researchers to utilize the All of Us Researcher Workbench to advance precision medicine. The All of Us EwG program has two core aims: (1) address barriers to research productivity for minorities, disadvantaged, and persons with disabilities aspiring to enter STEM fields; and (2) promote the use of the All of Us Researcher Workbench to develop research focused on health equity. To achieve these goals, the program implements three key activities: (1) Campus Seminars: hosted at minority-serving institutions and smaller universities to connect faculty with the All of Us Research Program to showcase ongoing research; (2) Biomedical Researchers Faculty Summit: a multi-day conference for early career researchers to foster collaboration and train participants in using the All of Us database; and (3) Biomedical Researcher Scholars Program: A yearlong initiative supporting the research teams formed at the summit in implementing the research projects developed using the All of Us data. Overall, the All of Us EwG program offers data science training, mentorship, and professional development; this report outlines its structure, outcomes, and lessons learned.

Do retrospective and prospective messages about judicial candidates influence participation in individual state high court races? To answer this question, I examine the effect of television ads for judicial candidates on ballot rolloff in state high court elections from 2000 to 2018. I find that increased exposure to ads with higher proportion of retrospective messages has diminishing returns, as more exposure to these ads increases the average rolloff per judicial election and per judicial race. Despite concerns about candidates announcing what they will do once they are elected, I find no relationship between prospective messages and voter participation given increased exposure to ads containing such messages. These results suggest that exposure to a candidate’s record may both mobilize and fatigue voters, and that concerns about prospective rhetoric may be exaggerated.

The chances that existing taxa are replaced by new taxa decreases over Phanerozoic time, and older taxa persist for longer and longer. This long-term trend has been interpreted as resulting from repeated culling and non-replacement of groups with high turnover or, in other words, from long-term selection for extinction resistance. It is therefore assumed that taxon-specific properties are critical for this trend. However, taxa are part of higher-level ecological genealogical units that represent shared genealogies and histories of ecological interactions. Structural aspects such as the composition of the evolving eco-genealogical units as a possible explanation have received little attention.

Here we analyzed the temporal change within Phanerozoic benthic marine mega-assemblages (PMAs). PMAs are groups of marine animal genera delineated through hierarchical modular partitioning of a multilayer spatiotemporal network and interpreted as eco-genealogical units. For each higher-level PMA, we calculated how its median genus age, its richness, the evolutionary rates, and the spatial β-diversity changed over time. The resulting estimates support the assumption that the assemblages are meaningful eco-evolutionary units, because their temporal patterns differ from those of randomly chosen Phanerozoic time intervals.

PMAs differ from randomly chosen intervals in that the increase of genus age is associated with a decline in origination proportions and with increasing β-diversities. This contradicts the hypothesis of a simple Phanerozoic sorting toward extinction resistance and generalization. The observed pattern can be explained as a process of eco-evolutionary entrenchment resulting from conditioned assembly and weak within-lineage directionality toward specialization and geographic restriction.

Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie is an influential figure in the Irish history of economic thought. This paper presents Leslie’s critical appraisal of British land systems and discusses his critique of the classical landed property reform. The paper illustrates the affinities between Leslie’s and John Stuart Mill’s economic thought regarding the Irish land question. Furthermore, it shows that Leslie’s support for small proprietorship in Ireland is regarded as a prerequisite for defending the Act of Union of 1800. Lastly, the paper argues that Leslie’s political economy of British land systems is a significant stream in the foundation of the Irish historical school and in the promotion of an alternative political economy.

Research on social projection shows that people overestimate the prevalence of their own views among others, significantly shaping their political behaviour. But existing studies focus on wealthy, information-rich democracies, rather than lower-income, uncertain settings where evaluating others is a high-stakes part of political life. Misperceiving others can constrain voters’ ability to coordinate, undermining access to public goods or efforts to overthrow dominant parties. Misestimating support for one’s party may also undermine acceptance of electoral loss. Using original survey data from Malawi, in a pre-registered fixed-effects design, we show that respondents perceive greater levels of local support for their own party and a higher prevalence of their own ethnic group. Politically engaged individuals also report higher levels of participation by those around them. These findings provide microfoundational insights into the study of political behaviour in low-income states and highlight several avenues for future work.

Globalisation and the multilingual turn in applied linguistics have exposed a persistent tension between learners’ linguistic repertoires and traditional monolingual pedagogies. It is out of this tension that translanguaging pedagogy (TP) emerged as an instructional framework grounded in translanguaging theory, witnessing a burgeoning empirical literature on its classroom value. However, the empirical evidence has failed to produce a coherent account of TP’s effectiveness in L2 education, as findings have exhibited considerable heterogeneity across instructional contexts, learner populations, and outcome measures. The present study sought to reconcile these inconsistent findings through a multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis of 108 effect sizes drawn from 40 independent studies among 3,145 learners. The pooled effect size of Hedges’ g = 1.014 (standard error = 0.138, 95% credible interval [0.748, 1.291]) establishes a positive and statistically credible effect of TP on L2 achievement. Moderator analyses identified educational level and target language skills as credible sources of heterogeneity, with tertiary-level learners and speaking outcomes yielding the largest effect sizes. Target language, linguistic distance, and treatment duration did not reach the posterior probability threshold for credible inference. These findings advance the theoretical understanding of TP and furnish an empirically grounded basis for instructional decision-making in L2 education.

We study Stackelberg equilibria (Bowley optima) in a monopolistic centralized sequential-move insurance market, with a profit-maximizing insurer who sets premia using a distortion premium principle, and a single policyholder who seeks to minimize a distortion risk measure. We show that equilibria are characterized as follows: In equilibrium, the optimal indemnity function exhibits a layer-type structure, providing full insurance over any loss layer on which the policyholder is more pessimistic than the insurer’s pricing functional about tail losses; and no insurance coverage over loss layers on which the policyholder is less pessimistic than the insurer’s pricing functional about tail losses. In equilibrium, the optimal pricing distortion function is determined by the policyholder’s degree of risk aversion, whereby prices never exceed the policyholder’s marginal willingness to insure tail losses. Moreover, we show that both the insurance coverage and the insurer’s expected profit increase with the policyholder’s degree of risk aversion. Additionally, and echoing recent work in the literature, we show that equilibrium contracts are Pareto efficient, but they do not induce a welfare gain to the policyholder. Conversely, any Pareto-optimal contract that leaves no welfare gain to the policyholder can be obtained as an equilibrium contract. Finally, we consider a few examples of interest that recover some existing results in the literature as special cases of our analysis.

We determinewhen an exotic sphere $\Sigma $ of dimension $d\not {\equiv }1\ (\mathrm {mod}\ 4)$ can be detected through the homotopy type of its truncated $\mathscr {D}\mathrm {isc}$-presheaf. The latter records the diagram of framed configuration spaces of bounded cardinality in $\Sigma $ with natural point-forgetting and -splitting maps between them, and it gives rise to the finite stages in Goodwillie–Weiss’ embedding calculus tower. Our proof involves three ingredients that could be of independent interest: a gluing result for $\mathscr {D}\mathrm {isc}$-presheaves of manifolds divided into two codimension zero submanifolds, a version of Atiyah duality in the context of $\mathscr {D}\mathrm {isc}$-presheaves, and a computation of the finite residual of the mapping class group of the connected sums $\sharp ^g(S^{2k+1}\times S^{2k+1})$.

This article examines the evolving role of expertise in democratic policy making amid growing political contestation and institutional strain. Drawing on insights from the annual roundtable convened by European Political Science, it explores how the legitimacy of expert knowledge is being challenged through crises of trust and rising populism. The article analyses how evidence is shaped and contested through challenges of literacy, capacity, and politics. It argues that democratising expertise requires greater inclusion alongside structural safeguards for academic independence. By reframing the use of evidence as fundamentally political rather than purely technical, the article calls for a more reflexive and accountable knowledge-policy interface.

The goal of this Article is to contribute to the broader discussion on strengthening the resilience of the rule of law in Germany by focusing on how to protect trust in the judiciary and judicial independence against (possibly) radicalized judges. The Article provides an introduction to the current legal situation in Germany regarding judges’ active involvement in politics, as well as an overview of the historical background. It addresses the regulation governing the right to return to a post as a judge after having been a member of parliament, and disciplinary rules regarding appropriate behavior of judges. It illustrates the current legal status quo and considers possible consequences for judicial independence and public trust in the judiciary. The Article concludes with proposals to improve the resilience of the judiciary.

This article assesses whether recent Irish activation reforms for lone parents’ function as capacitating elements of a social investment (SI) strategy. Although activation is presented as evidence of Ireland’s shift towards SI, our analysis questions this claim using the concept of agentic capacity – the structured conditions enabling individuals to balance care, employment, and education. Drawing on two small-scale studies, we centre lived experiences of activation requirements and income supports and find that while access to education and training can strengthen autonomy and future planning, these benefits are constrained by conditionality, administrative burdens, childcare shortages, and age-based thresholds. The reforms thus represent a model in which coercive activation logics persist within SI rhetoric. By advancing agentic capacity as an evaluative criterion, the article contributes to debates on activation and SI, highlighting how institutional design, childcare provision, temporal alignment, and conditionality shape meaningful choice for lone parents.

Spectral broadening in guided-wave optics, an effect intrinsic to the interplay of dispersion and nonlinearity, presents a major obstacle to achieving the high spectral purity required for applications in nonlinear frequency conversion and precision spectroscopy. This effect is especially detrimental in high-power cascaded Raman fibre lasers (CRFLs). Leveraging a concept analogous to wavefront shaping but implemented passively, we introduce and validate a novel architecture for CRFLs incorporating random fibre grating-assisted spectral tailoring. A theoretical model is developed to show that the randomized reflectance profile of the grating induces wavelength-selective feedback, promoting intracavity mode competition and noise suppression through enhanced coherent enhancement of selected spectral components. Experimentally, we demonstrate a maximum output power exceeding 1 kW at 1185 nm from the cascaded Raman fibre oscillator. The random grating provides enhanced spectral control, achieving a 3-dB linewidth of approximately 1.0 nm. Notably, it also significantly suppresses the spectral wings, reducing the 10- and 30-dB linewidths to 2.9 and 9.5 nm, respectively. This work represents the first implementation of built-in passive spectral tailoring in an all-fibre nonlinear dynamical system, offering insights into the control of complex light fields in both temporal and frequency domains throughout cascaded nonlinear processes.

Herbicides are a critical tool for controlling aggressive invasive species, especially during large-scale restoration efforts, but their persistence in soils can hinder the establishment and success of desirable vegetation. Soil residence times differ among herbicides, and plant species exhibit variable tolerance to residues, causing difficulty in determining appropriate timelines for revegetation activities following herbicide application. Imazapyr is a commonly used herbicide to control highly aggressive species, such as giant reed (Arundo donax L.), with reported soil residence time ranging from three to twelve months. However, we observed herbicide damage on foundational tree species installed more than two years after imazapyr was applied to control expansive A. donax monocultures as part of a large-scale riparian forest restoration project. We monitored signs of herbicide damage and growth for Salix and Populus spp. individuals installed from cuttings to evaluate the relative susceptibility to and differential impacts of imazapyr residues on trees established using this standard propagation technique. Individuals from all species exhibited signs of herbicide damage, and the height of damaged individuals was significantly lower than that of healthy individuals across species. Salix Laevigata had the greatest percentage of damaged individuals (27%), but the smallest reduction in height due to herbicide damage (-13%). The frequency of herbicide damage was similar among Populus species (13%), but the fastest growing species, P. trichocarpa, experienced a much greater decline in growth (-67%) compared to P. fremontii (-32%) and P. x perryi (-31%). The study found that imazapyr, when used to control invasive monocultural species, can have lingering, previously undocumented effects on non-target riparian vegetation. Despite these negative impacts, imazapyr is still one of the most effective treatment options for some aggressive invaders. Thus, practitioners should be aware of the potential long-term effects of imazapyr and carefully consider species selection and planting schedule during revegetation.

We combine data from subscription lists in rights offers with church records and individual tax returns to study the demography of the Swedish stock market around 1920. The typical shareholder was a middle-aged married man with a high income and university education or business affiliation. Stock ownership was gender contingent and changed over the life cycle. Men became stock market investors before they married, while women became stockholders through marriage. Men continued investing in old age, while women depleted their stock portfolios. Women who failed to marry purchased stocks to provide for their financial future. We relate these life-cycle patterns to mortality risk, migration patterns, and different opportunities for men and women. We conclude that the stock market supported family formation and female emancipation.