Joyce vertex algebras are vertex algebra structures defined on the homology of certain $\mathbb {C}$-linear moduli stacks, and are used to express wall-crossing formulae for Joyce’s homological enumerative invariants. This paper studies the generalization of this construction to settings that come from nonlinear enumerative problems. In the special case of orthosymplectic enumerative geometry, we obtain twisted modules for Joyce vertex algebras.

We expect that our construction will be useful for formulating wall-crossing formulae for enumerative invariants for nonlinear moduli stacks. We include several variants of our construction that apply to different flavours of enumerative invariants, including Joyce’s homological invariants, DT4 invariants, and a version of K-theoretic enumerative invariants.

Across many global contexts of colonial interaction, glass trade beads serve a cultural role as social signifiers and gifts that solidify relationships among people and communities. Through frameworks of technology studies and communities of practice, this study examines how glass bead manufacturing processes in historical European production centers left identifiable markers of access to exchange networks across eastern North America. The case study uses laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to characterize the composition of 413 glass bead chemistries from 13 archaeological sites associated with four distinct nations of the Wendat confederacy. The sites represent both large centers and smaller villages inhabited during the first half of the seventeenth century. We demonstrate that Wendat people from communities of different sizes obtained polychrome and monochrome glass beads made in multiple European glasshouses, with distinct technological styles, likely located in Venice, Amsterdam, Paris, and/or Rouen, and other cities and towns. The finding highlights both the powerful meaning of beads as adornment items and the interconnectedness of European producers and Wendat communities in Wendake yehen’, the location in present-day southern Ontario where the study is centered.

The growing adoption of crossbred populations by dairy farmers has sparked increased interest in multibreed genomic evaluation, which offers promising opportunities to accelerate genetic progress and refine breeding strategies. This study assessed the feasibility of applying single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) for multibreed genomic evaluation of cow wellness traits in Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE) and their crosses (HO × JE). The traits considered were abortion (ABRT), cystic ovaries (CYST), displaced abomasum (DA), ketosis (KETO), lameness (LAME), mastitis (MAST), metritis (METR), milk fever (MFEV), respiratory illness (RESP), retained placenta (RETP) and twinning (TWIN). The number of phenotypic records ranged from 1,176,935 for RESP to 7,703,872 for MAST. Traits were analysed using a linear model within a multi-trait framework. Variance components were estimated using Gibbs sampling, incorporating the effects of inbreeding, retained heterosis, trait-specific systematic effects and random effects of additive direct and permanent environmental effects. The algorithm for Proven and Young was used by randomly selecting a core set of 30,000 animals. Two scenarios were developed based on the number of genotyped HO animals in the evaluation: (1) including all available genotyped individuals, and (2) including only a subset of relevant genotyped HOs. Genomic predictions were compared against commercially available single-breed evaluations to assess consistency and potential improvements in predictive performance. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.003 for MFEV and CYST to 0.057 for MAST. Spearman and Pearson correlations between multibreed and single-breed evaluations for cow wellness ranged from 0.36 and 0.33 (METR) to 0.88 and 0.89 (MAST) for JE, and from 0.79 (MFEV) to 0.97 and 0.96 (METR) for HO. These findings suggest that a single-step approach can produce comparable results and accurate genomic predictions, demonstrating the feasibility of ssGBLUP for multibreed genomic evaluation in dairy populations.

The study of the attribution of input features to the output of neural network models is an active area of research. While numerous Explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been proposed to interpret these models, the systematic and automated evaluation of these methods in sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models is less explored. This paper introduces a new approach for evaluating explainability methods in transformer-based seq2seq models, building upon the forward simulation of XAI methods. We use teacher-derived attribution maps as a structured side signal to guide a student model, and quantify the utility of different attribution methods through the student’s ability to simulate targets. Using the Inseq library, we extract attribution scores over source–target sequence pairs and inject these scores into the attention mechanism of a student transformer model under four composition operators (addition, multiplication, averaging, and replacement). Across three language pairs (de–en, fr–en, ar–en) and attributions from Marian-MT and mBART models, Attention, Value Zeroing, and Layer Gradient $\times$ Activation consistently yield the largest gains in BLEU (and corresponding improvements in chrF) relative to baselines. In contrast, other gradient-based methods (Saliency, Integrated Gradients, DeepLIFT, Input $\times$ Gradient, GradientShap) lead to smaller and less consistent improvements. These results suggest that different attribution methods capture distinct signals and that attention-derived attributions better capture the alignment between source and target representations in seq2seq models. Finally, we introduce an Attributor transformer that, given a source–target pair, learns to reconstruct the teacher’s attribution map. Our findings demonstrate that the more accurately the Attributor can reproduce attribution maps, the more useful an injection of those maps is for the downstream task. The source code can be found on GitHub.a

We give a new proof of a result by Fathi, which states that, to any homeomorphism of a closed surface which is isotopic to a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism, we can associate a stable and an unstable invariant partition of the surface with properties which are similar to the unstable and the stable foliation of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism.

In northwestern Belize, evidence of Late Postclassic Maya presence is limited to deposits indicating brief visitations to former city centers. Here, we present recent research at the sites of Kaxil Uinik and Ayiin Winik that has identified Late Postclassic ritual offerings at reset Late Classic monuments, as well as the first reported Late Postclassic altar in the region. These activities fit into a broad pattern of Postclassic veneration of early and long-lived locations on the abandoned landscape.

This first study of the 2023 Council of Europe (CoE) Data Protection Regulations focuses on the institutional design of the Data Protection Commissioner and the Data Protection Officer (DPO). It shows that the reform of both offices was inspired by the EU offices of the EDPS and the EU DPOs. In the context of an EU-CoE dialectical relationship in data protection, the EU exerts significant influence over institutional design. The article highlights differences between those offices and their EU counterparts. In particular, the weak enforcement/monitoring powers of the CoE Commissioner limit possibilities for accountability within the organisation. The study ends with recommendations to strengthen the Commissioner’s mandate.

The Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP) launched its Women, Money, & Politics Watch 2026 project in spring 2026, as an interactive resource for the public, candidates, officeholders, activists, and the media.1 CAWP, founded in 1971 as a unit of the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is nationally recognized as the leading source of scholarly research and current data about women’s political participation in the United States. CAWP’s 2026 Women, Money, & Politics Watch provides users with real-time data about how women candidates are faring with fundraising statistics organized by candidate gender, party, and women’s racial/ethnic identities. Moreover, the project showcases the less-examined role of women as donors. This Notes from the Field offer an overview of the project including its mission and origins and describe its relationship to scholarship. CAWP’s approach to the study of money and politics is aimed at demystifying the process of donating and illuminating the fundraising landscape for the general public and political candidates, respectively.

We present FIRES, a polarised shot-noise (PSN) framework that models fast radio burst (FRB) dynamic spectra as the incoherent superposition of Gaussian microshots with varying polarisation angles (PAs). Applied to the CRAFT bursts FRB 20191001A and FRB 20240318A, FIRES can reproduce key spectro-polarimetric behaviours seen in these data: scattering suppresses PA variability on the trailing edge, while the leading edge preferentially retains intrinsic structure when sufficient signal-to-noise is present. We quantify this behaviour using the PA variance ratio $\mathcal{R}_\psi$ and explore the joint plane of measured linear polarisation fraction $\Pi_L$ versus PA variance to identify allowed regions of microshot number N, intrinsic PA dispersion $\sigma_\psi$, and intrinsic linear fraction $\Pi_{L,0}$ at fixed signal-to-noise. This restricts these combinations permitted within the adopted shot-noise framework. For FRB 20191001A, the data are consistent with an extended parameter space, reflecting degeneracies between intrinsic PA structure, microshot superposition, scattering, finite sampling, noise, and the assumed microshot-property distributions. FRB 20240318A occupies a more restricted region, favouring fewer microshots and larger intrinsic PA dispersion. By combining an emission-mechanism-independent forward-modeling framework with minimal assumptions and observational constraints, FIRES facilitates qualitative and quantitative exploration of how microshot superposition, scattering, finite sampling, and noise can shape observed FRB polarimetry under the PSN model.

The earliest stage of the Variscan orogeny in SW England is marked by the formation and obduction of the Mid-Devonian Lizard ophiolite from the Rheic ocean northwestward onto the previously passive continental margin of Avalonia (Laurussia). The Lizard ophiolite comprises an almost complete thrust slice of oceanic crust (U-Pb zircon: ∼386.8 ± 0.3 Ma; Givetian) and upper mantle formed above a south-dipping subduction zone, with an amphibolite to greenschist facies metamorphic sole (U-Pb zircon: ∼395 Ma; late Emsian). The Kennack Igneous Complex includes a suite of granitoids that intrude the base of the ophiolite and its metamorphic sole and records melting of diverse protoliths beneath the ophiolite during subduction and later obduction. Structurally beneath the ophiolite is a complex unit of mélange and a series of strongly folded and thrust units of Middle Devonian – Carboniferous sedimentary rocks that form the Dodman, Veryan and Carrick thrust sheets. Thrusting propagated from SSE to NNW as distal Gramscatho Group rocks were progressively emplaced onto the passive continental margin below the Lizard ophiolite. Early crustal shortening was subsequently followed by late Carboniferous-Early Permian extensional reactivation and crustal melting that resulted in intrusion of the Cornubian granites (295–275 Ma). The tectono-stratigraphy of the Lizard ophiolite and the metamorphic sole, together with structures in thrust sheets beneath the ophiolite, are directly comparable to similar allochthonous rocks beneath the Semail ophiolite, Oman.

Recent developments in behavioural public policy emphasise the potential of transparent nudging interventions, such as nudge+ or boosts, to engage people with their decisions. However, the current state of research on transparent nudging is fraught with methodological critiques, and only a handful of studies examine differences between types of transparency messages or ‘disclosures’. Using a vignette survey experiment (n = 1916), we measure the influence of transparency, operationalised through different types of disclosures, on both the effectiveness of the nudging technique and the perceived autonomy of those subjected to the nudge. We employ a salience nudge to promote sustainable food choices and present four different disclosures. Results indicate that, while the nudge proved effective in promoting sustainable food choices, the disclosures neither enhanced nor reduced its effectiveness. At the same time, the nudge led to a small but significant decrease in perceived autonomy, which the disclosures did not offset. Overall, differences between the types of disclosures were not substantial enough to yield significant effects in either behavioural outcomes or perceived autonomy. These findings suggest that while disclosures can be applied to increase transparency without compromising nudge effectiveness, they are not sufficient to mitigate concerns about autonomy in nudging interventions.

This study aimed to develop an amino acid composition table for Japanese foods and evaluate the relative validity of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) in estimating total and meal-specific amino acid intake, using a 4-d weighed dietary record (DR) as the reference. A total of 111 Japanese women and 111 Japanese men completed both online and paper MDHQ, along with a 4-d non-consecutive DR. The amino acid composition table was constructed based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2020. Median amino acid intakes estimated by the online MDHQ were generally lower than those from the DR across all calculation methods (crude, residual, density and %protein) in both sexes, with significant differences observed for most of the eighteen amino acids. Median Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the online MDHQ and DR for total amino acid intake were 0·43–0·44 in women and 0·31–0·37 in men. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were lower than the corresponding Spearman coefficients, and Bland–Altman analyses showed wide limits of agreement with proportional bias. Similar findings were observed for the paper MDHQ. In conclusion, the MDHQ showed limited relative validity for ranking total and individual amino acid intakes at main meals, with weaker performance for snacks and limited ability to estimate absolute individual intakes. Despite these limitations, the MDHQ provides a novel approach for examining meal-specific dietary patterns and may offer useful insights in epidemiological studies when its limitations are appropriately considered.

We develop a decision-support framework for cyber risk mitigation policies from the perspective of an organization with limited resources for security controls, upgrades, and cyber insurance. To balance the conflicting optimization objectives of the organization and the insurer, we propose a bi-level model that endogenously derives optimal strategies for both parties, accounting for key uncertainties underlying a cyber attack. We find that cyber insurance coverage increases with premium size, though this depends on the effectiveness of system upgrades. Notably, the latter has an ambiguous impact on the equilibrium budget allocation strategy and insurance contract design, such that a more effective upgrade need not attract a commensurately larger budget allocation. We further show that information asymmetry regarding the insurer’s risk aversion can lead the defender to a suboptimal budget allocation, resulting in higher realized losses relative to the symmetric-information benchmark.