Historians have explored Japanese drug manufacture and trafficking in Asia in the first half of the twentieth century. They have pointed out that in the same decades a domestically oriented morphine industry developed as result of Japanese efforts to achieve self-sufficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the development and impact of this industry. This article argues that the Japanese morphine industry had a significant impact on Japanese agriculture, promoted the rationalization of production processes in factories, and stood for a modern medical consumer culture. It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that poppy cultivation and morphine manufacture increasingly relied on resources and labour from the colonies. This also reflected a shift to a war economy. Drugs were then mainly produced for the military and found their way onto black markets in Japan and Northeast Asia.

Runaway electrons (REs), generated during plasma disruptions in tokamaks, pose significant challenges due to the risk of causing damage to the first wall of a device. Understanding the interaction between REs and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities is crucial for predicting a safe operation of large future tokamak devices in which RE generation will be drastically enhanced due to the high plasma current. In this work, we introduce a hybrid fluid–kinetic model within the three-dimensional nonlinear MHD code JOREK (Hoelzl et al. 2021 Nucl. Fusion, vol. 61, 065001; 2024 Nucl. Fusion, vol. 64, 112016), treating REs kinetically using a relativistic guiding-centre approach, while describing the background plasma by ansatz-based reduced MHD equations. At first, comprehensive benchmark studies are conducted regarding the two-dimensional equilibrium force balance with $J_{total}= J_{RE}$, and the linear stability of three-dimensional tearing modes (TMs), verifying the accuracy of the model against analytical predictions and other numerical methods, e.g. the full-orbit approach in JOREK and the fluid model in M3D-C1. These benchmark studies build a solid foundation for applying our model to more complex nonlinear scenarios. In this respect, we confirm that the nonlinear saturation of TMs is significantly influenced by the presence of REs. Previous analytical studies (Helander et al. 2007 Phys. Plasmas vol. 14, 122102) suggest that in the case of small $\varDelta ^\prime$, the saturation width of the magnetic island driven by REs is roughly 1.5 times larger than in the otherwise identical Ohmic current scenario. Our simulations are quantitatively in line with this prediction. Moreover, REs alter the energy evolution within the magnetic reconnection process and decouple the bulk plasma and magnetic fields. In summary, RE-driven magnetic reconnection leads to larger magnetic islands but weaker reconnection flows.

The Serbian Twin Advanced Registry (STAR), established in 2014, is a multigenerational resource for studying genetic, environmental, and epigenetic influences on behavior and development. STAR currently includes more than 9000 participants, extending the classical twin design to parents and siblings and enabling fine-grained modeling of genetic inheritance, cultural transmission, and shared environments. Methodological innovations include experimental procedures, virtual reality paradigms, and longitudinal, multi-informant assessments from childhood to adulthood, combined with molecular data collection. Published findings highlight heritable structures in executive functions, personality, and psychopathology, alongside environmentally shaped differences in behaviors such as aggression. Epigenetic studies have demonstrated associations between COMT promoter methylation and impulsivity-related traits, while ongoing genomewide analyses aim to identify environmentally mediated methylation variability. By integrating advanced methodologies with open science practices, STAR provides a sustainable platform for behavioral genetics in Serbia and contributes to international research on adaptation and psychopathology across the lifespan.

Social reproduction scholars have made headway in integrating the analysis of capitalism, class, gender, and care. We offer two contributions to this literature. First, we provide a novel framework with insights into companies as sites of decommodification, shaping childcare cost distribution and affecting childbearing rates. Second, we extend social reproduction research geographically to the oft-overlooked region of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe is home to 15 of the world’s 20 fastest-declining populations, with low fertility as a prime cause. We argue that privatization catalyzes commodification, raising work intensity and financial-temporal uncertainty and eroding collective resources for social reproduction, thereby impacting childbearing. We explore this mechanism quantitatively by employing four distinct definitions of privatization across two datasets: one covering 52 Hungarian towns (1989–2006) and another spanning 29 postsocialist countries (1989–2012). We shed light on the details of the mechanism through a qualitative analysis of 82 life-history interviews in four Hungarian towns, surveying the lived experience of privatization.

In 2024, the Women and Equalities Select Committee in the UK Parliament published a report entitled Misogyny in Music. It included the recommendations that ‘music colleges, conservatoires and other educational settings need to do more to address the gendering of instruments, roles and genres and improve the visibility of and support for female role models’. While there is a dearth of policy levers available to implement this recommendation, this article critically analyses three existing policy/regulatory frameworks that could be used for its implementation in England. The article also highlights a significant limitation of the report – its exclusion of trans and non-binary musicians.

Between 2012 and 2014, a crew from the Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project (PRAP) excavated a small mound located on the western periphery of the Pacbitun site, a medium-sized ancient Maya center located in west-central Belize. That mound consisted of a thick deposit of granite sand and debitage, revealing a record of the production of several thousand granite tools dating to the Late Classic period. Since those excavations, a total of 22 similar mounds have been recorded, with 11 tested. All tested mounds reveal a similar material record representing periodically used working platforms where granite tools were shaped and finished during the Late Classic period. The recorded granite debris mounds are distributed over an area of 1 km2 some 500 m from Pacbitun’s core, an area that we suggest represents a community of attached, part-time specialists making granite tools on a seasonal basis. Given the scale of granite tool production, we suspect this community made tools not just for local consumption, but also for consumption outside of Pacbitun as part of a strategy to navigate the dynamic political Late Classic landscape of the Belize River Valley.

This study revisits the long-standing consensus that the number and nature of basic-level administrative units in imperial China remained static over two millennia. It argues that this view underestimates the size and sophistication of field administration during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127). During this period, towns (zhen) emerged as administrative centers, undertaking roles akin to the predominantly rural counties but within urban settings. Through a systematic analysis of the administrative functions of towns, this article reveals that approximately 30 percent of the 1,891 towns documented in 1085 were staffed by imperial officials and played a crucial role in delivering urban public goods such as fire prevention and law enforcement. In doing so, they supported the Song state’s extraordinary reliance on commercial taxation. These findings prompt a reassessment of the prevailing view in Chinese urban history that a disconnect between administration and commerce began during the Tang-Song transition.

Institutional investors conduct more governance research and are less likely to follow proxy advisor vote recommendations when a company’s bonds comprise a larger share of their assets. These findings are driven by bond holdings, shareholder proposals, and companies where fixed-income managers are more likely to be attentive and share an interest with equity investors in improving governance. The findings do not concentrate on companies or shareholder proposals where creditor–shareholder conflicts are likely. Overall, the findings suggest that corporate bond holdings influence how actively institutions monitor their equity positions and contribute to institutions’ overall incentive to be engaged stewards.

This article advances a story-driven, theoretical exploration of how entanglements of agony, exile and Land relations can reconfigure understandings of justice. Opening with autobiographical vignettes of “in-betweenness”, the article illuminates the unfolding of exilic life between Palestine and North America, naming the ruptures of writing about Palestine from afar as an ethical site of dwelling in the middle. Drawing on relational ontology, Indigenous and decolonial scholars, alongside posthumanist and new materialist thinkers, the article highlights convergences and dissonances in conceptualising Land as more than property: as kin, teacher and agentive being. From such relationality, this article argues that Land-bodied rights offer a framework for rethinking justice and education beyond the abstract, hierarchical assumptions of universal human rights, grounding learning in human and more-than-human relations. The final section explores diffractive pedagogies, suggesting that storytelling and more-than-human educational entanglements can foster an ethic of reciprocity and accountability towards the more-than-human justice. In envisioning rights through rupture, environmental education can become a site where ecological and decolonial justice are rethought and enacted through relational, Land-based and story-driven pedagogies.

While ethnographic observation has revealed nuances of ground stone production techniques and practical uses, there has been little theorizing about the archaeological exchange and movement of these goods or their deeper social meanings. In previous research, we obtained secure geochemical signatures for an ancient Maya ground stone tool assemblage by sourcing granite outcrops in Belize, enabling us to trace the provenience of certain archaeological assemblages. To understand the exchange mechanisms by which ground stone tools moved around the landscape, we explore three non-mutually exclusive models. We outline our expectations of material correlates for the archaeological record based on these exchange hypotheses and evaluate our assemblages against these expectations. This work helps broaden understandings of the organizational importance of ground stone tool production, exchange, and usage within ancient Maya society, critical first steps for investigating the socioeconomic dimensions of these tools.

This article outlines our research into granite use by the ancient Maya of the Alabama Townsite—a Late to Terminal Classic (ca. a.d. 700–900) rapid-growth community in East-Central Belize, part of the Eastern Maya Lowlands. One of our initial hypotheses regarding the seemingly sudden appearance of the town toward the end of the Late Classic period focused on granite as a staple resource exploited by its residents. We highlight current results of local geological surveys and related spatial, geochemical, and petrographic studies; preliminary analyses of surface-collected and excavated archaeological assemblages and architectural elements; and attempts at community-engaged experimental archaeology. We conclude that while ancient Alabamans did not extract granite as a staple resource for export, which could have fueled the community’s growth, they nonetheless valued granite in many ways, which we highlight in our discussion.

Cluster environments influence galaxy evolution by curtailing star formation activity, notably through ram-pressure stripping (RPS). This process can leave observable signatures – such as gas tails and truncated gas discs – that are crucial for understanding how RPS affects galaxies. In this study, using spatially resolved spectroscopic data from the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we identify galaxies undergoing or recently affected by RPS in eight nearby clusters (${0.029\lt z\lt 0.058}$), through a visual classification scheme based on the ionised gas (H$\alpha$+[NII]$\lambda$6584) morphologies, split into ‘unperturbed’, ‘asymmetric’, and ‘truncated’. Alongside, we measure non-parametric structural parameters (concentration, asymmetry, and offset between gas and stars) to quantify the ionised gas morphologies. We find that combinations of parameters such as concentration, shape asymmetry, and stellar-ionised gas centre offsets are useful in categorising the degree of RPS in line with their ionised gas morphologies. The projected phase-space analysis shows that asymmetric galaxies are found in a narrow region in cluster-centric distance (${0.1\lt R/R_{200}\lt 0.6}$, where ${R}_{200}$ is the characteristic cluster radius) and have a larger dispersion in line-of-sight velocity ($\sigma(|v_{\text{pec}}|)_\mathrm{Asym} = 0.71^{+0.09}_{-0.07}\ \sigma_{200}$, with $\sigma_{200}$ being the cluster velocity dispersion within ${R}_{200}$), compared to the truncated and unperturbed samples that are more broadly distributed and predominantly located at larger cluster-centric distances. This suggests that asymmetric galaxies are likely recent infallers – having crossed within 0.5 $R{_{200}}$ in the past $\sim$1 Gyr. In terms of star formation, RPS candidates (asymmetric and truncated) yield a much steeper resolved star-forming main sequence (rSFMS; $\Sigma_\mathrm{SFR} - \Sigma_\ast$) relation compared to the unperturbed counterparts, primarily emerging from having lower $\Sigma_\mathrm{SFR}$ values for the low mass density regime (i.e. $\mathrm{log} \ \Sigma_\ast \lesssim 8 \ \mathrm{M}_\odot \ \mathrm{kpc^{-2}}$), with the steepest gradient deriving from the truncated sample. Moreover, radial specific star formation rate profiles introduce different trends for unperturbed and RPS candidates. Star formation in RPS candidates is suppressed in the outskirts relative to unperturbed galaxies and is more prominent for the truncated sample compared to the asymmetric counterparts. In contrast, central (i.e. ${r/r_{\text{eff}}} \lt 0.5$) star formation activity in RPS candidates is comparable with that in their unperturbed and field counterparts, suggesting no elevated activity. Taken together, this suggests an evolutionary trend linked to the RPS stage, where unperturbed galaxies likely represent recently accreted systems (pre-RPS), while asymmetric and truncated galaxies may correspond to populations undergoing RPS and post-RPS phases, respectively, favouring outside-in quenching.