Acute liver failure is a rare disease characterized by acute presentation of liver injury in the absence of cirrhosis that poses significant morbidity and mortality. Neurological manifestations, including hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension, are frequent. The incidence of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure has declined, which is a likely reflection of the impact of early and adequate intervention, but it holds a poor prognosis. This review summarizes the key concepts relating to pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Clinical and biochemical predictors aid in early recognition and use of prophylactic or targeted management. Validated invasive and noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring are important in the management of intracranial hypertension. The use of invasive intracranial pressure monitoring in acute liver failure has been limited due to the expected risk of hemorrhage secondary to coagulopathy. The risk associated with invasive monitoring is better assessed with the use of viscoelastic testing when compared to conventional coagulation tests. Management of intracranial hypertension includes strategies that target the reduction of cerebral blood volume and cerebral volume.

Collective action involving natural resources can be politically consequential. But organisers confronting resource interests or even just operating in natural resource-dependent areas face substantial obstacles. This paper tests three arguments about why such activists can nonetheless sometimes succeed: that local party dynamics are important to dispute outcomes, that small-scale and persistent campaigns have the best results, and that peacefully disruptive tactics are especially impactful. We conduct our analysis using a new dataset comprised of 1,525 reports of actions and their immediate outcomes from the Appalachian state of West Virginia, one of the United States’ major coal producers and a longstanding site of coal-related social conflict. Our results regarding parties and movement participation and persistence are mixed. And, while we find a significant negative correlation between disruption and concessions, we observe very different patterns for labour versus environmental actions: disruption appears to work for the former but not the latter.

To celebrate the 10th anniversary of BJPsych Open, this Editorial highlights papers published in BJPsych Open over the past decade that have focused on university student mental health. Common mental disorders are increasing in young people and those going on to higher education make up an important and sizeable sector of this population. At the same time, success in university studies is a major determinant of individual and societal health and prosperity. As a field of inquiry, university student mental health research gained momentum through the COVID-19 pandemic and associated campus closures, pivot to remote learning and social restrictions. Although research describing student well-being and mental health burden align globally, not enough is known about determinants that inform sustainable and scalable prevention and early intervention. Furthermore, research evidence should inform university policies, practices and benchmarks to ensure responsive and effective student well-being and mental health support that underpins academic and life success.

Established pharmaceutical innovation theory holds that companies and patents are essential for developing new treatments. Yet, it does not adequately explain numerous clinical trials conducted by hospitals and universities. This paper introduces a new, complementary theory that describes a parallel system of innovation, focused on new uses of already authorised drugs, particularly once generics are available. These trials are driven by incentives previously associated with “open science” and “user innovation” rather than by patents and cost 90 per cent less than commercial equivalents. This “hidden” research system could regularly provide society with affordable treatments.

Southern Patagonia hunter-gatherers were adapted to a region marked by cold and wind, yet characterized by significant climatic and environmental variability, particularly between the eastern and western slopes of the Andes. This diversity fostered the development of distinct subsistence strategies. The present study analyzes variations in skull shape and size in relation to ecogeographical regions. A sample of 54 Late Holocene adult skulls from Southern Patagonia archaeological sites was analyzed. Individuals were categorized according to ecogeographic regions and subsistence strategies. Using geometric morphometrics, 35 three-dimensional landmarks describing the splanchnocranium and the neurocranium were recorded and statistically compared across groups. Results revealed an ecogeographic latitudinal pattern: individuals from colder regions exhibited significant prognathism, heavier and bigger cranial forms, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Additionally, an ecogeographic longitudinal gradient was recognized. No significant sex-related differences were detected in the sample. The latitudinal and longitudinal cranial patterns identified among Southern Patagonia individuals suggest an association with ecogeographical characteristics, supporting the environmental and climate hypothesis regarding skull morphology. Notably, the findings lend support to Bergmann’s rule, as more robust and bigger forms were observed in the coldest regions, not necessarily those at the highest latitudes, as in this case.

Numbers have mathematically defined, formal meanings, which afford precision and objectivity. In practice, however, we show that round numbers are frequently used approximately, and this approximate use depends on magnitude. Across three analyses of British and American English, we demonstrate the following: (1) people use round numbers more often, and round to a greater extent, at higher magnitudes; (2) the distributional semantics of larger round numbers resemble those of indefinite hyperbolic numbers such as ‘gazillion’, which lack a precise value; and (3) larger jigsaw puzzles have greater discrepancies between round advertised piece counts and the actual values (e.g., advertising ‘13,200 pieces’ when the actual count is 13,224). We argue that the relationship between roundness, magnitude and approximation derives from the base-10 structure of English numerals, which renders powers of 10 structurally salient, creating hotspots for communicative functions such as approximation. We discuss how these communicative patterns align with the approximate number system, which cognitively represents larger quantities with increasing imprecision, making them harder to estimate and compare.

Social scientists express concerns that perspectives on new genetic engineering techniques, such as gene editing, are becoming polarized and entrenched and that those entrenched positions could hinder the formation of alliances needed to make the new technologies available. Without such alliances, potential solutions to agronomic challenges, food security, climate change, improving nutrition, and reducing food waste may never be implemented. This paper explores whether these competing perspectives are as entrenched as they are often portrayed. Through intensive interviews, I ask German scientists to share their perspectives on the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruling that gene edited crops would be regulated the same as transgenic crops. Using the concepts of techno-optimism and techno-pessimism to analyze those scientists’ perspectives, I discover that both techno-optimistic and techno-pessimistic scientists are generally less entrenched and more reflective when presented with competing perspectives. Furthermore, four of the scientists offer potential policies and practices that could resolve some disputes and could even overcome obstacles to promoting social and ecological benefits from the new technologies.

The rational homology of the IA-automorphism group $\operatorname {IA}_n$ of the free group $F_n$ is still mysterious. We study the quotient of the rational homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ that is obtained as the image of the map induced by the abelianization map, which we call the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$. We obtain a representation-stable $\operatorname {GL}(n,\mathbb {Q})$-subquotient of the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$, which conjecturally coincides with the entire Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$. In particular, we obtain a lower bound of the dimension of the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for each homological degree in a stable range. Moreover, we determine the entire third Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for $n\ge 9$. We also study the Albanese homology of an analogue of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for the outer automorphism group of $F_n$ and the Albanese homology of the Torelli groups of surfaces. Moreover, we study the relation between the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ and the cohomology of $\operatorname {Aut}(F_n)$ with twisted coefficients.

Plantago fengdouensis, a species endemic to China’s Yangtze River Basin, was once presumed extinct in the wild as a result of the complete inundation of its native habitats following the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. Historically documented only on two riverine islets in Fengdu and Zhongxian counties of Chongqing, the species was last observed in 2003 before its habitats were permanently submerged, leading to its designation as the first documented herbaceous plant driven to extinction by the dam project. However, in 2023 a previously unknown population of > 200 individuals was discovered in Jiang’an County, Sichuan Province, representing the largest known wild population to date. From January to May 2023, 273 seeds were collected and conservation research was conducted in the botanical greenhouse of Yibin University. The key to the germination of P. fengdouensis seeds lies in the harvest period. Seeds with light brown seed coats that are not fully mature have the highest germination vitality. Through systematic germination trials, optimal conditions were identified as 24 h pretreatment with 1.0% gibberellin under 28 ℃ and 1,500 Lux illumination, achieving an 87.5% germination rate. During May–November 2024, nursery-grown seedlings were transplanted near the wild population, with an initial 89% establishment success and 98.5% survival after 12 months. These results suggest that P. fengdouensis populations can be effectively restored in situ through seed-based propagation, offering a model for conserving other threatened floodplain species.

Interpreting requires regular and frequent language switching and is thus likely beneficial to cognitive flexibility. However, advantage research found mixed results, probably due to two confounding factors: interpreter expertise and task differences. This study targeted the critical period of intermediate interpreter expertise and compared participants’ switching performance in the rule–based Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the cue-based colour–shape switching tasks (uni-/bivalent versions). Results showed that interpreting students at the pre-intermediate level outperformed bilingual controls in switch cost, and in WCST errors and global RT. With the same participants tested 1 year later and with interpreting students at the post-intermediate level, interpreters outperformed in mixing cost in the bivalent task and in WCST global RT. The findings of the colour–shape switching tasks (further confirmed by cue-based analysis) revealed a developmental transition of interpreters’ advantage from local switching to global monitoring, and a differential sensitivity of the tasks, with implications for studies on bilingual advantage.

The article is focused on friendship and collaboration between two prominent alpine climbers: Stipe Božić from Croatia and Viki Grošelj from Slovenia. Following their joint endeavors beginning in Yugoslavia and proceeding within the setting of independent countries, the article discusses different framings of alpinist expeditions on which they embarked together, which range from a common Yugoslav enterprise to a nationally separate narrative. Highlighting that their primary motivation for cooperation was in sharing goals and professional compatibility, the article explores how personal narratives are transformed into national narratives. Finally, the article touches upon the value of friendship research for exploring everyday nationhood.