Yoghurt is a food product with strong sensory acceptance and health appeal, making its matrix a target for various innovative presentations and modifications. This study aimed to develop a yoghurt bar with the addition of probiotic microcapsules and to evaluate the effect of gelatine concentration on its chemical composition, microbiological stability, rheological properties and texture profile. Three formulations were developed: YB6 (6.66% gelatine dispersion), YB9 (9.33% gelatine dispersion) and YB12 (12% gelatine dispersion) Probiotics were microencapsulated by ionic gelation, achieving 93.46% encapsulation efficiency. Gelatine concentration influenced protein (YB6/YB9: 6.95 g.100 g−1; YB12: 7.65 g.100 g−1) and sodium content (YB6/YB9: 56.00 mg.100 g−1; YB12: 57.50 mg.100 g−1) but did not significantly alter other compositional parameters. Probiotic counts (log CFU.g−1) for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (YB6 = 7.08; YB9 = 7.34; YB12 = 7.4), Streptococcus thermophilus (YB6 = 9.20; YB9 = 9.08; YB12 = 9.18) and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® (YB6 = 7.32; YB9 = 7.3; YB12 = 7.0) remained stable over 30 days at 5 °C, meeting regulatory standards for yoghurt classification. Gelatine concentration and temperature influenced rheological properties. At 10 °C, formulations exhibited no structural failure up to 1000 Pa of shear stress, whereas at 25 °C, YB9 and YB12 demonstrated higher structural integrity than YB6. YB12 presented the highest values of firmness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity. The yoghurt bar represents an innovative product that expands the range of fermented dairy options. The use of 9% or 12% gelatine dispersion in yoghurt bar production ensures good storage stability, protein enrichment and a suitable texture for handheld consumption, thereby expanding the scope of yoghurt-based offerings.

This study investigates how resource-constrained small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) develop and apply digital capabilities across value chain activities for internationalization, addressing a gap in the existing literature. Using six Taiwanese manufacturing SME case studies, and an integrated theoretical lens (Uppsala Internationalization Model, Porter’s Value Chain Framework, and Resource Orchestration Theory), the study explores how digital capabilities embedded in primary and support activities shape internationalization outcomes. Findings show that SMEs prioritize digital investments in primary and downstream activities to enhance foreign market delivery, responsiveness, trust, and visibility. Digital upgrades in support functions primarily enable internal coordination and subsidiary replication. The study identifies three mechanisms – inter-firm value enhancement, inter-firm relationship enhancement, and intra-firm management enhancement – that explain how activity-specific digital capabilities facilitate international expansion. This research offers a detailed understanding of digital capabilities deployment in SMEs and provides practical implications for leaders and policymakers on strategic, phased digital internationalization approaches.

During the Terminal Classic period (AD 760–1000), Maya communities underwent a brief and violent political collapse, followed by a protracted period of instability that apparently culminated in an urban collapse as distinct from the earlier, political one. Rather than taking the kingdom or polity as the analytical unit, we propose to study the cities as actors in the collapse using the large and rich Terminal Classic datasets. A comprehensive database has been constructed encompassing 29 archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic attributes that capture urban political and socioeconomic activities in a hundred Terminal Classic cities and towns. A multivariate analysis of the distribution of 12 attributes forming five variables in 56 well-documented cities suggests that the urban transformation subsequent to the dynastic collapse is less attributable to this political collapse than expected. The urban datasets have the potential to reflect the trajectories of late lowland cities, and once distributed in Terminal Classic subphases, a comparison of the datasets should elucidate chains of causality in the two collapses.

In [10], we provided a method for eliminating cuts in non-wellfounded proofs with a local-progress condition, these being the simplest kind of non-wellfounded proofs. The method consisted of splitting the proof into nicely behaved fragments. This article extends our method to proofs based on simple trace conditions. The main idea is to split the system with the trace condition into infinitely many local-progress calculi that together are equivalent to the original trace-based system. This provides a cut-elimination method using only basic tools of structural proof theory and corecursion, which is needed due to working in a non-wellfounded setting. We will employ our method to obtain syntactic cut elimination for K+, a system of modal logic with the master modality.

Psychiatry relies on narratives, observation and interpersonal data more than definitive tests. Errors in inference can lead to inappropriate treatment, avoidable adverse effects and delayed recovery. This article proposes an investigative framework for clinical reasoning tailored to community mental health services, in-patient wards and liaison teams by translating hypothetico-deductive reasoning into clinical practice: broad-then-focused enquiry, explicit competing hypotheses, a reliability hierarchy for weighing clues, proportionate action under uncertainty, and time-bound review. The framework is positioned alongside existing approaches and considers the emerging role of artificial intelligence as a complement to clinician-led formulation. With fictitious vignettes, diagrams and summary tables, the proposed framework aims to improve formulation quality, support safer decisions before diagnostic closure, and make reasoning transparent to patients and teams. As a proposal, it requires empirical evaluation against routine practice in clinical and educational settings before any claim of effectiveness can be made.

Plant-based diets have been associated with favourable health outcomes; however, not all plant-based diets are of the same quality. This study aimed to investigate the associations between three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy PDI (hPDI) and unhealthy PDI (uPDI) and measures of adiposity: wrist circumference, waist circumference, waist:hip ratio and BMI. This study used data from 2027 controls in the Costa Rica Heart Study, a case–control study. A validated FFQ was used to create the plant-based diet indices. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between quintiles of the plant-based diet indices and adiposity indicators. Higher hPDI scores were associated with lower adiposity, with waist circumference showing the strongest association. Participants in the highest hPDI quintile had a β = −1·90 cm (95 % CI: −3·32, −0·49) lower waist circumference and a β = −0·72 kg/m2 (95 % CI: −1·33, −0·10) lower BMI compared with participants in the lowest quintile. Significant linear trends were observed with waist circumference (P-trend = 0·0037), waist:hip ratio (P-trend = 0·0064) and BMI (P-trend = 0·0171). Subjects in the 5th quintile of the overall PDI had significantly lower waist circumference (β = −1·75 cm (95 % CI: −3·14, −0·36)), waist-to-hip ratio (β = −0·010 (95 % CI: −0·019, −0·001)) and BMI (β = −0·62 kg/m2 (95 % CI: −1·22, −0·02)). In general, uPDI showed no significant associations with adiposity indicators. Among Costa Rican adults, adherence to hPDI is associated with lower adiposity, whereas uPDI showed no association, indicating the quality of plant-based diets plays a role in body composition.

This article examines the expressed neutrality of Russophones in Latvia and Estonia toward Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Drawing on nationally representative survey data and four focus groups, the study employs a mixed-methods design to explore how individual dispositions, social contexts, and media perceptions shape neutrality. Logistic regression analysis shows that neutrality is strongly predicted by low interest in Ukrainian affairs, socioeconomic vulnerability, and—most decisively—reference group perceptions: respondents describing their milieu as neutral, mixed, or uncertain were dramatically more likely to adopt neutrality than those in pro-Ukraine circles. By contrast, opinion climate and perceived social isolation had weaker effects, while neutrality was reinforced by distrust of both Latvian and Russian media. Focus group data reveal neutrality as a negotiated stance, serving to manage social tensions and navigate contested information environments. The findings highlight neutrality as a socially embedded strategy rather than mere apathy or ignorance.

State judicial elections in the United States have become increasingly expensive, raising concerns about the influence of campaign contributions on judicial impartiality. This study examines individual donations – specifically from attorneys, non-attorneys, and business donors – in state supreme court elections from 2000 to 2023. The analysis reveals that attorneys predominantly support candidates with judicial experience and Democratic affiliation, while non-attorneys and business donors favor Republican candidates and high-profile races. These patterns underscore distinct motivations among donor groups and offer insights into the evolving dynamics of judicial campaign finance.

Music performance anxiety (MPA) is experienced widely by young musicians (DEMPSEY, E. & COMEAU, G. (2019) Music performance anxiety and self-efficacy in young musicians: Effects of gender and age. Music Performance Research, 9, 60–79.), but little is known about the role their studio teachers might play in helping them to manage it. This interview study investigates 13 studio teachers’ understanding of MPA, and their approaches to its management within the studio teaching setting. The teachers were asked about how they prepare their students for upcoming performances, MPA discussions in the teaching studio, observations of MPA symptoms, lesson elements that support MPA and training related to MPA. Four key themes were identified: conceptions of MPA, preparing for performance, managing mistakes and the teaching studio itself as a setting for MPA. The findings showed that teachers were caring, enthusiastic and often strategic in supporting MPA management, their understanding underpinned by personal perceptions of MPA. However, they also suggested aspects of their approaches that might be ambiguous or problematic: when lesson behaviours shift to prepare for imminent performances, teachers appear to both emphasise and downplay mistakes, perhaps creating confusion or lowering performance expectations. These insights suggest potential areas for further inquiry, exploring the role that studio teachers could have regarding the MPA experiences of their students.

Bishop Frank Weston’s The Black Serfs of Britain (1923) is a short pamphlet which critiques British colonial governance in East Africa in wake of the First World War. Much more difficult to obtain than its earlier sister volume, The Black Slaves of Prussia (1918), it sees Weston in a familiar combative vein. The two works are crucially important in gaining a fuller picture of Weston, his thinking and his legacy. Often remembered as an Anglo-Catholic contrarian, these political texts bring to the fore his Christian socialism and add crucial details to the journey which would famously lead to the Anglo-Catholic conference and his powerful injunction to serve Christ both in worship and social ministries. The text of The Black Serfs of Britain is printed in full with introductory material, commentary, and notes.

Human–wildlife conflicts are a growing global issue for wildlife, especially for large carnivores. The leopard Panthera pardus is generally solitary, shy and cryptic; however, human–leopard conflicts occur, including attacks on people. Attacks are generally rare throughout the majority of the species’ range, although in India they have been relatively high and are increasing. A high number of leopard attacks have been reported in the Kashmir region of India since 2000. These have been associated with the loss, fragmentation and degradation of leopard habitat as well as the scarcity of wild prey. We document leopard attacks in the Kashmir region during 2006–2023, examine causes for recent trends and discuss the challenge of coexistence. A total of 424 leopard attacks were reported, of which 312 (73.6%) resulted in injury and 112 (26.4%) in the death of the victim. The attacks were predominantly during February and September, and least during December and April. The peak number of attacks occurred during 10.00–10.59. The majority of the victims were 0–19 or 30–49 years old. Attacks by leopards were rarer than attacks by Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus in the same region during the same time period. However, a higher per cent of leopard attacks resulted in deaths. The number of attacks has been declining since 2009, with the exception of 2013. The reason for the decline is likely the removal of problem leopards, and the proactive measures of the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Department and NGOs in the region.

Research consistently shows that migrants are considered less deserving of welfare than citizens, yet existing studies of this “deservingness gap” rarely account for heterogeneity within migrant populations or variation across social protection schemes. This article provides a more granular analysis of welfare deservingness by examining how migration status and scheme type jointly shape public support for migrant welfare access. Drawing on vignette experiments in Germany and the UK, we asked respondents to evaluate the deservingness of citizens and three migrant categories – those with residence permits, asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants – across four welfare schemes: unemployment benefits, emergency medical care, regular medical check-ups, and care for life-threatening illnesses. Our findings reveal substantial variation in deservingness judgments. While citizens are consistently rated as more deserving than all migrant groups, the deservingness gap varies substantially: undocumented migrants face the largest penalty, followed by asylum seekers, then migrants with residence permits. Crucially, these gaps are most pronounced for unemployment benefits but narrow considerably for healthcare services, particularly emergency and life-threatening care. We characterize these patterns as “segmented welfare chauvinism,” where public support for migrant welfare access is stratified by welfare scheme, contribution history, and legal status. These findings highlight the need for scholarship to move beyond treating “migrants” as a monolithic category and to consider how different dimensions of welfare provision activate distinct deservingness criteria.

Cette étude se concentre sur la dissidence linguistique du français mitchif, une variété en voie de disparition du français laurentien, parlée par un nombre diminuant de Métis de l’Ouest canadien. L’analyse se focalise sur l’utilisation des marqueurs de conséquence (ça) fait (que), donc, alors et so dans un corpus comprenant une cinquantaine d’entretiens recueillis au sein de la communauté métisse de Saint-Laurent, au Manitoba, durant les années 1980. Les résultats internes soutiennent l’hypothèse d’une parenté linguistique avec d’autres variétés du français laurentien. En parallèle, les données externes indiquent une nette dominance de la variante (ça) fait (que), renforçant ainsi le caractère fortement vernaculaire du français michif en comparaison avec d’autres variétés du français laurentien. Enfin, l’analyse d’extraits d’entrevues démontre que l’utilisation soutenue des variantes vernaculaires joue un rôle crucial en tant que marqueur identitaire, permettant aux locuteurs de revendiquer leur appartenance culturelle ainsi qu’une langue qu’ils perçoivent comme distincte de celle des autres francophones.

In this paper, we establish a lower bound for the maxima of derivatives of the Dedekind zeta function of a cyclotomic field on the critical line. Employing a double-version convolution formula and combined with special GCD sums, our result generalizes the work of Bondarenko et al. [‘A dichotomy for extreme values of zeta and Dirichlet L-functions’, Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 55 (2023), 2963–2975]. We also establish a lower bound via the resonance method when the real part is near the critical line; both of the above results refine parts of Yang’s [‘Extreme values of derivatives of the Riemann zeta function’, Mathematika 68 (2022), 486–510] work.

Predicting the terminus position of Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers remains a major challenge for ice-sheet modeling. Improving model parameterizations requires understanding the dominant drivers of terminus change. Here, we employ the Liang–Kleeman information flow method to quantify the contributions of bed slope, sea-ice concentration, runoff, air temperature and ocean thermal forcing to changes in glacier terminus position and frontal ablation. We focus on three major marine-terminating glaciers, Jakobshavn Isbræ (JI), Kangerlussuaq Glacier (KG) and Helheim Glacier (HG), between 2000 and 2021. Our analysis reveals that atmospheric and oceanic forcings exert comparable influence on glacier retreat, with their causal effects demonstrating pronounced seasonal variability. These drivers dominate during the summer months while exerting minimal impact in winter. Analysis of ocean thermal forcing highlights the 0–100 m surface layer as the primary driver of terminus variability for JI and KG, underscoring the critical role of surface-ocean processes. Notably, despite theoretical relevance, bed slope at kilometer scales shows no significant causal influence, emphasizing the nonlinearity and complexity of topographic controls. Finally, we develop a parameterized statistical model that explains 53–66% of the variance in frontal ablation for the highly responsive JI and KG, but only 38% for the less sensitive HG.