Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and yellow toadflax [Linaria vulgaris (Mill.)] are pervasive weeds of pasture and rangeland in the Northern Great Plains. There are few effective herbicides to manage these species. Saflufenacil is a contact herbicide that is labeled to suppress perennial weeds when applied alone; however, saflufenacil + imazapic is labeled to effectively manage E. esula. While there is no currently publish data regarding the effectiveness of saflufenacil alone or in mixtures with various herbicides, mixing herbicides with different modes of action can increase management effectiveness. Therefore, mixtures containing saflufenacil and various herbicides may effectively manage E. esula and L. vulgaris. Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of mixing commonly applied herbicides (E. esula: imazapic and picloram; L. vulgaris: aminocyclopyrachlor and picloram) with saflufenacil to manage these weed species. Saflufenacil alone was the least effective on both species, as expected, due to the contact activity of the herbicide. Herbicide mixtures provided equal or greater responses (control estimates, height- and stem reductions) than the tested herbicides applied alone. Mixing saflufenacil with the tested herbicides resulted in additive control estimates, plant height-, and stem density reductions for both species one year after treatment. Stem density reductions for E. esula never exceeded 79%, while L. vulgaris stem reductions were as much as 90% with herbicides 1 year after treatment when compared with the nontreated. The results of these experiments suggest that saflufenacil could be mixed with commonly applied herbicides to increase the effectiveness of managing E. esula and L. vulgaris. However, additional management tactics will likely be necessary after one year to successfully further reduce the infestations of these weed species.

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous mealybug species and native to North America, but has spread to Asia and Africa. In this study, we report F. dasylirii for the first time from China using an integrated taxonomy approach combining morphological characters and molecular analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. It was found on 12 tropical fruit species in Hainan Province: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa L. and A. squamosa ‘Purple’; Myrtaceae: Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. and Psidium guajava L.; Malvaceae: Theobroma cacao Linn.; Lecythidaceae: Lecythis pisonis Cambess.; Sapotaceae: Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni and P. sapota (Jacq.) H.E.Moore & Stearn; Rubiaceae: Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern; Cunoniaceae: Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell; Arecaceae: Areca catechu Linn.; Musaceae: Musa nana Lour.; Malpighiaceae: Malpighia emarginata Sesse & Noc.ex DC.; and Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus emblica Linn. This record increases the known geographic range of F. dasylirii and underscores the importance of combined morphological and molecular approaches for accurate mealybug identification.

Mexico ranks third globally in seabird diversity and second in the number of endemic species that breed within its territory, yet 16% of seabird species in the country are categorized as threatened on the IUCN Red List, including the Critically Endangered Townsend’s shearwater Puffinus auricularis. Nearly 20 years ago, the breeding population of Townsend’s shearwater, which is endemic to the Revillagigedo Archipelago of Mexico, was inferred to comprise < 100 breeding pairs. Since then, conservation initiatives have been implemented in the archipelago. We assessed the current status of Townsend’s shearwater by mapping the distribution of breeding colonies, estimating breeding population size, evaluating reproductive success, describing ongoing threats and modelling population trends under three conservation scenarios. During 2016–2024, we conducted field surveys on the islands of Socorro and Clarión using acoustic monitoring techniques in historical nesting areas. We estimated that the breeding population on Socorro comprises < 200 pairs and documented the return of a small breeding population to Clarión after a 30-year absence. However, reproductive failure persists because of the effects of native predators such as land crabs, snakes and ravens. The population has exhibited a slow decline driven by interactions between native and invasive species. Without ongoing restoration efforts and management actions, including the removal of feral cats, the population could face extinction.

Amur honeysuckle [Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder] is an abundant invasive species throughout Kentucky and the surrounding region. It forms dense stands, outcompeting and displacing native species and adversely impacting the regeneration, succession, and biodiversity of deciduous forest communities. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of L. maackii removal alone relative to removal followed by restoration plantings to suppress reinvasion and facilitate forest understory native plant community recovery. In March 2019, a field experiment was conducted with the following treatments: (1) untreated control; (2) L. maackii removal with 0.023 kg ae L−1 glyphosate cut stump application (CH plots); and (3) same treatment as in (2), plus restoration plantings of wildrye grasses (Elymus spp.) and northern spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume] (CHP plots). Lonicera maackii removal and cut stump glyphosate treatments effectively reduced L. maackii canopy cover, increased herbaceous cover, decreased bare ground, and increased species richness over time compared with untreated plots. However, we did not find any differences (P > 0.05) in L. maackii cover or other plant community variables between CH and CHP treatments over time. Thus, we found insufficient evidence that restoration plantings of Elymus spp. and L. benzoin suppressed L. maackii reinvasion compared with L. maackii removal alone. Spearman rank-correlation tests indicate L. maackii removal correlated with increased herbaceous cover (ρ = −0.75, P < 0.0001), lower bare ground (ρ = 0.714, P < 0.0001), and higher species richness (ρ = −0.693, P < 0.0001). Further studies of L. maackii removal plus restoration plantings are needed that test different species combinations and/or season of planting (i.e., spring vs. autumn) to determine the most effective restoration planting strategy to simultaneously suppress L. maackii reinvasion after removal and facilitate native plant community recovery in forest understories.

Bracken fern [Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn] is an invasive species with significant ecological and economic impacts, making its detection and mapping critical for effective management. This study reviews remote sensing techniques for mapping P. aquilinum from 1996 to 2023. A total of 32 peer-reviewed articles were selected from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus following the screening of 1,612 retrieved records. Bibliometric analysis, using VOSviewer software and social network analysis (SNA), explored keyword relationships, author collaborations, and institutional contributions. The research output shows fluctuations, publication gaps, and a resurgence in interest post-2021. Most studies (28%) were conducted in North America and Europe, with 26% originating from Africa. Key sensors identified include Landsat, Worldview-2, SPOT-5, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Recent advancements demonstrated the effectiveness of high-resolution optical sensors and machine learning (ML) models in improving detection accuracy. However, challenges remain, including data limitations, methodological inconsistencies, and classification accuracy issues. This review emphasizes the need for higher-resolution imagery, advanced ML approaches, and standardized methodologies for improved P. aquilinum monitoring. Enhanced detection methods are crucial for effective ecological management, early intervention, and mitigation of the spread of P. aquilinum.

Waste management is one of the major environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. This Perspective examines how vegetation dynamics at composting facilities and landfills both reflect and influence anthropogenic environmental change. We define our use of the Anthropocene as a human-dominated epoch that is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene, and we argue that waste-derived ecosystems constitute model systems for detecting its signals through technogenic substrates and synanthropic succession. Although composting reduces pressure on landfills, incomplete processing of biowaste can disseminate propagules of invasive plant species. Landfills, shaped by disturbance and altered edaphic regimes, support synanthropic plant assemblages dominated by neophytes that act as bioindicators of leachate stress and other pressures. At the same time, spontaneous vegetation provides functional benefits, including slope stabilization, organic matter accumulation and habitat provision during early successional stages. We bring together information on risks and functions, link ecological criteria to permitting, monitoring and post-closure management pathways, and outline practical considerations for integrating plant-based indicators with geochemical screening. These steps enable ecologically sensitive strategies to be implemented that mitigate biodiversity risks while leveraging succession to improve the resilience of waste-derived landscapes.

Drylands are increasingly degraded by livestock grazing, mining, recreation, off-road vehicles and wildfire. These disturbances damage biological soil crusts (biocrusts) that stabilize soil, cycle nutrients, and store carbon. Farming biocrust as transplantable “sods” offers a promising restoration approach, but invasive plants colonizing sods risk contaminating restoration areas. Manually removing invasives is labor-intensive and unreliable. To determine the viability of herbicide control of weeds while cultivating biocrust, we tested four herbicide treatments, hand-cutting and untreated controls on biocrust sods seeded with the rapidly invading Oncosiphon pilulifer (stinknet) and, later, native plants. We measured biocrust and stinknet cover, native seedling establishment and treatment costs. Late-successional biocrust (lichens, mosses and dark cyanobacteria) grew best under all herbicide treatments compared to controls. Post-emergent herbicides (aminopyralid and glyphosate) effectively controlled stinknet while allowing later native seedling establishment. Preemergent indaziflam prevented both stinknet and native plant establishment. Preemergent aminopyralid was less effective against stinknet. Post-emergent aminopyralid and preemergent indaziflam were most cost-effective and suitable for promoting or preventing native recruitment, respectively. Herbicide application to biocrust sods represents a significant advancement in making biocrust farming economically viable by reducing manual labor, while providing critical information for combating an emerging invasive species threat.

Silverleaf nightshade, a highly invasive perennial weed, poses a serious threat to crops and orchards in Mediterranean regions. This weed reproduces both sexually, through seeds, and asexually, via an extensive rhizome network, contributing to its persistence and spread. Managing silverleaf nightshade is particularly challenging, requiring integrated chemical and non-chemical approaches. This study evaluated the effectiveness of preemergence and postemergence herbicides and thermal control methods at three growth stages (2-3, 4-6, and 7-10 true-leaf stages [TL]) of silverleaf nightshade. Seven preemergence herbicides were tested in a dose-response experiment at rates between 0.0625X and 2X of the recommended label rate on seedling emergence from three populations. Metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, pendimethalin, and sulfosulfuron suppressed seedling emergence by 80-90% at 28 days after treatment. Seven postemergence herbicides were tested on the same three seed populations, and on plants grown from rhizomes. Treatments were applied at three rates: the recommended label rate (1X) and two exploratory rates 0.5X and 2X. At the 1X and 2X rates, aminopyralid and glufosinate reduced biomass by more than 90% at all growth stages. Fluroxypyr and imazapic reduced biomass by more than 95% at the 2-3 TL growth stage across all application rates. At the 4-6 and 7-10 TL growth stages, biomass reduction >90% was achieved only at the 2X rate. Propane flaming at 33.3, 50 and 100 kg ha⁻¹ and electrocution with 18, 45 and 90 J (correspond to 0.5X, 1X and 2X application rates) tested across the three growth stages. Both thermal methods were highly effective at the 2-3 TL stage, reduced biomass >95%. The results highlight the importance of early intervention, as both herbicide and thermal treatments efficacy declined significantly as the weeds matured. Integrating pre and postemergence herbicides with thermal treatment could improve the long-term management of silverleaf nightshade in Mediterranean cropping systems.

Post-seeding vegetation management is critical for restoring grasslands dominated by invasive species, yet few studies have evaluated these strategies in the Aspen Parkland ecoregion. We tested the effects of no treatment (Control), mowing-only (Mow), herbicide-only (Herbicide; aminopyralid 52.5% + metsulfuron-methyl 9.45% at 230 g ai ha−1), and mowing and herbicide application (Combination) on plant community composition, diversity, and biomass over two growing seasons following seeding of seven cool-season native grass species. The study was conducted on a disturbed site in Edmonton, AB, Canada, where non-native Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], field sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) dominated before treatment. Treatments with aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl (aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl alone and Combination) significantly reduced noxious and introduced species richness and cover (P < 0.001), eliminated forbs, and shifted plant composition toward greater dominance by seeded and native grasses. However, these treatments also eliminated native shrubs [Woods’ rose (Rosa woodsii Lindl.) and western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.)], reduced litter biomass, and increased bare ground. The Mow treatment maintained high species richness and forb biomass, with noxious and introduced species remaining dominant and seeded species establishment improving slightly relative to the control. Despite differential species responses, overall seeded species richness, diversity, and cover did not differ significantly among treatments. Needle and thread grass [Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth], Western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve], and green needle grass [Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth] showed moderate establishment under treatments with aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl, while Plains rough fescue [Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper], Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer), Rocky Mountain fescue (Festuca saximontana Rydb.), and June grass [Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.] established less in any treatment. Community composition diverged most between treatments with aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl and the Control treatment. These results highlight trade-offs between invasive species control and impacts on non-target natives and ecosystem function. Among the treatments, aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl alone provided the most balanced outcome, suppressing invasive species while minimizing soil disturbance and improving seeded grass recruitment. This study highlights the importance of integrating vegetation treatments with species-specific seeding when restoring heavily invaded grasslands in the Aspen Parkland.

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is often underdocumented at the species level in routine monitoring and regulatory assessments, where vegetation is commonly recorded without species-level identification. Here, we present a summary of existing records and field collections made in the Pennsylvania portion of Monongahela River system. Our findings suggest that the dominant SAV in this river is hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle], one of the most aggressive invasive macrophytes in North America. Further, our recent collections indicate the presence of other invasives: Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.). Native species such as coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and vallisneria (Vallisneria americana Michx.) were present but not prominent in sampled locations. The documentation of H. verticillata and other non-native invasive SAV species suggests that the Monongahela River is now hosting an invasive epidemic, one that may have widespread ecological implications.

Portunid crabs of the genus Charybdis De Haan, 1833 are among the most frequently reported marine invaders worldwide. Here, we report the first record of Charybdis (Archias) hoplites (Wood-Mason, 1877) outside its native Indo-West Pacific range, collected from the Test Estuary, Southampton Water, United Kingdom. Morphological and molecular analyses confirm the specimen’s identity and clarify diagnostic features useful for distinguishing C. (A.) hoplites from closely related taxa. This represents the northernmost record of any Charybdis species and suggests a long-distance dispersal event, associated with shipping activities in the Port of Southampton. Environmental data indicate that salinity and turbidity at the collection site are within known tolerances for Charybdis spp., although low winter temperatures may limit survival and establishment. The detection of this warm-water species in a major international port highlights the ongoing need to monitor non-native marine fauna.

Preventing human-caused extinctions is a foundational aim of conservation. However, in addition to causing extinctions, humans have moved numerous species to new areas. A considerable percentage of these are threatened in their native ranges. Broadening our conservation ethos to include introduced species is contentious and requires critical thinking in empirical and normative dimensions to negotiate between conflicting conservation goals. Here, we present a series of questions to inspire critical thinking in the negotiation of these conflicts. Empirically, we suggest that conservationists should consider whether the effects of introduced species are due to their non-nativeness per se or are simply a consequence of the organism having a metabolism and taking up space. Importantly, this requires proper scientific comparison to the effects of similar native organisms – otherwise many claims of ‘harm’ are unfalsifiable and could be used to justify the eradication of any organism. We further propose questions to help conservationists sort facts from normative values, which often wear empirical clothes. Through empirical rigor, value transparency and critical justification of these values, we believe that twenty- first century conservation can become a future-facing and pluralistic discipline with a heightened ability to prevent extinctions in an increasingly unpredictable and novel biosphere.

Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) is a problematic woody invasive plant in eastern North America that invades old fields, forests, and disturbed sites. While management guidance typically suggests foliar, basal bark, cut stump, and hack-and-squirt applications of herbicides for P. calleryana, there is a dearth of studies focusing on the efficacy of specific treatments. We evaluated seven herbicide treatments for control of midstory P. calleryana. Cut stump and hack-and-squirt applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr and a soil application of hexazinone were repeated at six sites within Georgia, Kansas, and South Carolina, and all study trees were monitored for approximately 1 yr after herbicide application. Cut stump applications of glyphosate (478.73 g L-1), imazapyr (22.47 g L-1), and triclopyr (343.90 g L-1) provided the most consistent control with no resprouting and 100% mortality. Hack-and-squirt applications of glyphosate and triclopyr resulted in approximately 80% probability of mortality 1 yr after treatment, while hack-and-squirt application of imazapyr and soil application of hexazinone (287.58 g ai L-1) averaged only 20% and 25% probability of mortality, respectively. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of seven treatment options for P. calleryana control in three geographic locations with varied habitat types, and our data suggest that cut stump applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, or triclopyr or hack-and-squirt application of glyphosate or triclopyr may be useful for reducing populations of P. calleryana. that have grown past the sapling stage.

Invasive M. spicatum sensu lato strains can differ in their growth, spread, impacts, and herbicide response. For example, strains of Eurasian (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and hybrid (Myriophyllum spicatum × Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.) watermilfoil have been characterized as resistant or susceptible to specific herbicides (e.g., fluridone and 2,4-D). Identifying resistant and susceptible strains can inform managers as to whether a specific herbicide should be used to treat a water body. However, to date, no centralized location existed to house and share M. spicatum and M. spicatum × M. sibiricum strain and herbicide response information. To address this need, we built MilfoilMapper, a publicly available, user-friendly R Shiny application that houses invasive M. spicatum sensu lato strain distribution and herbicide response information. To date, we have identified 290 strains from more than 300 lakes across the United States sent by state agencies, aquatic plant managers, and citizen scientists. Although some strains are found only in a single lake, some strains have been found in multiple lakes. Therefore, strain information obtained from either the field or the lab can be applied to additional lakes where these strains are found. We encourage people to incorporate genetic surveying and monitoring into their M. spicatum management plans to help identify strains that should be prioritized for herbicide characterization. We believe MilfoilMapper will facilitate and encourage these actions by providing a centralized, interactive platform for tracking M. spicatum and M. spicatum × M. sibiricum strain data, enabling lake managers, stakeholders, and state agencies to share experiences and resources to improve the efficacy and efficiency of invasive M. spicatum sensu lato management.

Recently introduced parasites are predicted to cause more severe infections because of a lack of host-parasite co-evolution. When new parasites co-occur with similar parasites they may compete for resources within a host, with mixed species infections potentially resulting in antagonistic, synergistic or additive effects. We tested Ostrea chilensis flat oysters in New Zealand for infections by two species of haplosporidian oyster parasites. Bonamia exitiosa is an endemic parasite to New Zealand, whereas Bonamia ostreae is an introduced species first detected in New Zealand in 2015. We investigated the infection intensity of each parasite by estimating gene copy numbers using species-specific digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) across Bonamia spp. allopatric and sympatric ranges. Our results showed that B. ostreae had significantly higher gene copy numbers than B. exitiosa. However, concurrent infections of both Bonamia parasites had similar intensities (based on gene copy number) to single-species infections, with no detectable interactive effects. Collectively, the results indicate that B. ostreae remains a significant risk to O. chilensis, although coinfections may not exacerbate disease. This study demonstrates the value of ddPCR screening and the importance of considering evolutionary ecology in the management of commercially important marine diseases.

We report the introduction of Juxtacribrilina mutabilis, a nonindigenous marine encrusting bryozoan, to eastern Canada. Previously reported as a nonindigenous species (NIS) in Europe and Maine, USA, this species is of potential ecological concern due to its propensity to foul eelgrass (Zostera marina), an ecologically important habitat-forming coastal species. By compiling prior unpublished records, re-evaluating existing specimens, and collecting new records of J. mutabilis, we discovered that the species has a widespread distribution in eastern Canada. Specimen reclassification efforts in our study indicate that J. mutabilis has been present in eastern Canada since at least 2013, but the species largely escaped notice until 2024, likely due to its similarity to other encrusting bryozoan species and other factors inhibiting its detection. In light of the distributional and genetic data collected in this study, we reconstruct the possible invasion history of J. mutabilis in eastern Canada, including potential introduction mechanisms, timing, and source regions. We also discuss the ecology of J. mutabilis in eastern Canada, evaluating the factors influencing the morphology of the bryozoan, assessing its potential to detrimentally impact its eelgrass substrate, and estimating its environmental niche. Further research into the distribution, ecology, and potential impacts of J. mutabilis in eastern Canada is recommended. This case study highlights the importance of diversity in the habitats surveyed and methods used when monitoring for marine NIS, the need for horizon scanning to raise awareness of potential NIS, and the advantages of multi-party collaboration and citizen science for early detection of such species.

The troublesome weed Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is predicted to expand its range under climate change. In the process, it is likely to become more competitive in corn (Zea mays L.) production areas of the northeastern United States and southern Canada. A replicated greenhouse experiment was conducted to measure interspecific and intraspecific competition between an S. halepense biotype from central New York State (northern range edge) and corn under drought and well-watered conditions. Drought stress significantly reduced the biomass and height of corn and S. halepense in both rounds of the experiment (P < 0.001). Drought stress increased the root-to-shoot ratio of S. halepense (P < 0.001) and reduced the root-to-shoot ratio of corn (P < 0.001). In one run of the experiment, corn produced 19.3% more aboveground biomass (P < 0.001) and 6.6% more height (P < 0.001) when competing with an S. halepense plant (interspecific competition) than when competing with a second corn plant (intraspecific competition). Drought conditions increased the advantage of corn plants grown under interspecific relative to intraspecific competition (P = 0.012). In that round of the experiment, biomass of S. halepense was 12.9% higher under intraspecific competition than interspecific competition in the well-watered treatment and 15.5% higher under intraspecific competition than interspecific competition in the drought treatment (main effect of competition, P = 0.002). Differences between competition treatments were smaller in the other round of the experiment (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that the New York S. halepense biotype used in this study may not be as competitive as biotypes found in this weed’s range core in more southern regions of the United States. However, anticipated effects of climate change may increase the abundance and competitiveness of this species in the northeastern United States.

Selective feeding by overabundant herbivores can considerably alter plant community composition and structure, often benefiting non-native species. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a dominant herbivore in North America, known for their preference for native plants over unpalatable invasive species. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), a widely invasive shrub, is largely avoided by deer, potentially facilitating its competitive advantage against native plants. This study investigates the interactive effects of R. cathartica invasion and deer browsing on native woody plants within a postindustrial urban forest undergoing restoration. Specifically, we employed both a long-term observational tree survey and an experimental shrub study to assess R. cathartica impacts on native trees and shrubs, and to investigate whether R. cathartica presence intensifies deer browsing. For the tree study, we surveyed 10 native tree species planted in areas with varying levels of R. cathartica invasion to assess tree health as a function of R. cathartica and canopy tree cover. For the shrub study, we examined deer and insect herbivory on five deer-resistant native shrubs with and without deer exclusion and R. cathartica removal. We found that increased R. cathartica cover correlated with reduced health in native tree species, a relationship not found between the trees and native canopy tree cover. We also found that all five planted native shrub species experienced considerable browsing, with deer and insect damage intensifying in the presence of R. cathartica. This study highlights the complex interplay between non-native plant invasions and native herbivore activity, demonstrating that R. cathartica indirectly facilitates increased deer herbivory on native species. These findings emphasize the need for integrated forest restoration strategies that address both invasive plant removal and herbivore management to support native species recovery.

Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an invasive species in the High Plains of the United States that poses formidable management challenges in agricultural systems, primarily due to its evolution of resistance to glyphosate. Resistance is due to a transposon-associated increase in 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene copy number relative to the sensitive biotype. Factors behind the rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant biotypes are likely associated with certain aspects of B. scoparia biology, such as a protogynous flower morphology producing large amounts of pollen, that encourages outcrossing and favors high genetic diversity. Furthermore, its ability to tumble over long distances ensures a rapid spread of the resistance trait. Herein, we explore glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia in Colorado. There was no difference in EPSPS gene (Type I, Type II) and FAR1 copy numbers between parent and progeny B. scoparia populations across multiple years (2018, 2020, and 2022), suggesting stable inheritance of glyphosate resistance. Further, the inheritance of glyphosate resistance was investigated using three specific microsatellites or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers viz. 2656, 2896, and 1792. SSR marker analysis revealed an outcrossing rate of 78% and a selfing rate of 22% in B. scoparia progeny. By investigating the complex interplay between B. scoparia’s biology and genetics, this study investigates the inheritance of glyphosate resistance in B. scoparia, estimates the outcrossing rate under field conditions, and underscores the importance of developing effective management strategies to mitigate its impact on agricultural ecosystems.