Public schools in Dearborn, Michigan, experienced increased enrollment of students of Arab descent during the 1980s and 1990s. While social, political, and personal contestation accompanied this demographic shift, the experiences of Arab American students in Dearborn revealed a spectrum of acceptance and rejection of American values among communities of Arab descent. As the presence of Arab-descendant youth increased, public schools shifted from emphasizing assimilation to becoming more accepting of cultural pluralism. This shift developed through a reciprocal process in which Arab-descendant students and their adult allies demanded respect for their multifaceted linguistic, religious, and ethnic identities even as they refashioned conceptions of who they were through acculturation. By illuminating Arab and Muslim students’ school experiences amid heightened geopolitical tensions, this article complicates prevailing narratives about Arab American identity formation. Additionally, its examination of youth identity formation in relation to geopolitics, religion, nationality, race, and gender broadens understandings of schooling and identity formation within the United States.

The public release of OpenAI’s generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbot ChatGPT in November 2022 was, in the jargon of political science, a “critical juncture” in which AI’s potential was made manifest to ordinary people. Following the initial enthusiasm, however, came a strong undercurrent of skepticism about the human costs of AI advances. In 1958, Hannah Arendt presciently observed:

Friedrich Hayek regarded Bernard Mandeville as a founding father of the intellectual lineage to which he belonged. This article offers a countergenealogy of his debt to Mandeville. By reading the two philosophers in parallel, it finds continuities beyond those that Hayek himself identifies, notably in their theorizations of evolutionary progress from animals through human savages to bourgeois civilization. Submission to the market, for Hayek, is essential to the civilizing process. The article reconstructs Mandeville’s arguments concerning the similarities between animals and the “lower” classes and races, via the allegory of the beehive. Hayek, likewise, tended to anthropomorphize insects and other animals. In his conception of the evolutionary ladder, robins compare favorably to some human groups. In such ways, the article suggests, ideologies of class and race left an imprint on Mandeville’s and Hayek’s philosophies of nature and human evolution.

In the field of second language (L2) research, interest in applying meta-analytic techniques has gained momentum in recent years. Considering the potentially far-reaching impact of meta-analyses, they must adhere to rigorous methodological practices and a high level of transparency regarding decisions made throughout the meta-analytic process. This study empirically assessed the methodological and reporting practices of 224 L2 meta-analyses published across 99 journals. To conduct systematic coding, a comprehensive instrument was developed, comprising 39 items that each address a key aspect of meta-analytic methodology or reporting practice. The overall findings provided an overview of current practices, identifying both strengths and areas for improvement. Based on the findings, recommendations were offered for improving methodological rigor and transparency in L2 meta-analyses. Additionally, the comprehensive coding instrument developed in this study offers a valuable resource for the systematic evaluation of methodological and reporting practices in future L2 meta-analytic research.

In the early 1950s, the People’s Republic of China sought to fuel economic recovery by rapidly disseminating high-yield Stoneville cotton. To preserve genetic purity, Shandong authorities mandated the strict eradication of mixed planting. In 1952, this top-down standardisation was stymied by the unsuitable agrarian conditions of Cangshan County and the rational risk-aversion of its peasantry, triggering the ‘Cotton Uprooting Incident’ and the coercive measures that accompanied it. This article argues that the incident reveals two analytically distinct but mutually reinforcing failures: the universalising tendencies of mid-century agronomic science, which assumed the uniform applicability of improved varieties regardless of local conditions, and the structural imperatives of centrally planned administration, which cascaded rigid quotas down the bureaucratic hierarchy without regard for local agrarian realities. By examining the agronomic profiles of competing cotton varieties, the resilience-promoting function of traditional mixed cultivation, and peasant survival strategies, this study illuminates how the obsessive pursuit of genetic purity transformed a paradigmatic scientific limitation into an administrative catastrophe. The political fallout, which catalysed the nationwide ‘New Three-Anti Campaign’ against grassroots commandism, exposes an early moment of institutional self-correction that would be progressively eliminated as the political climate radicalised toward the Great Leap Forward.

Following pressure from investors, Congress passed the 1976 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to facilitate lawsuits by nonstate commercial actors against sovereign states in US courts. This legislation redefined sovereign debt as a commercial activity, seemingly favoring creditors. Yet case outcomes proved variable. While the FSIA established clear procedural guidelines, judicial discretion remained, raising questions about what factors influence outcomes. How deep is the effect of judges’ partisan leanings? To what extent does a left–right divide exist in this issue area? Although sovereign debt of other countries rarely sparks US political debate, I argue that partisan influence persists in these cases, particularly when defendants are democracies. Republican-nominated judges consistently apply the FSIA’s pro-creditor framework regardless of defendant characteristics, reflecting their party’s historical support for transnational commercial actors and contract enforcement. Democratic-nominated judges, however, exhibit conditional deference: when democracies demonstrate fiscal restraint before defaulting—signaling genuine economic distress—Democratic-nominated judges more readily defer to the sovereign defendant within the FSIA’s constraints. When democracies maintain high government consumption while defaulting, suggesting strategic choice rather than necessity, Democratic-nominated judges enforce more strictly. By contrast, both Democratic- and Republican-nominated judges converge on pro-creditor positions when adjudicating autocratic defaults because the absence of credible fiscal signals eliminates conditions for conditional deference. I test this argument with an original data set of sovereign debt litigation cases brought to the United States from 1977 to 2022.

Adolescence is marked by increased risk for psychopathology, alongside behavioral changes such as greater screen time. Adolescents who experience distressing psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are particularly vulnerable to the onset of psychopathology and often report exposure to negative life events. This study examined how screen time and recent negative life events contribute to trajectories of PLE distress using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. Latent Growth Mixture Models identified PLE distress trajectories over five timepoints. Linear mixed-effects models assessed how screen time, recent negative life events, and their interactions predicted these trajectories. Sensitivity analyses were conducted examining the influence of cumulative stress. Three PLE distress trajectories emerged: increasing, decreasing, no distress. The increasing and decreasing PLE distress trajectories reported similar amounts of daily screen time. However, youth in the increasing PLE distress trajectory reported more recent negative life events, and associations between more weekend texting and social media use at ages 11–12 and PLE distress levels at ages 13–14 were strongest for people who were exposed to more recent negative life events (but not cumulative stress). These findings suggest that more proximal adverse life experiences may have an impact on screen time and PLE distress levels.

This article explores the phenomenon of dog-whistle politics within the context of Austrian far-right activist Martin Sellner’s rhetoric, focusing on how coded language is employed to promote ethnonationalist and far-right ideologies in contemporary European political discourse. By conducting a detailed qualitative content analysis of Sellner’s 2024 book Remigration: Ein Vorschlag (Remigration: A Proposal), the study investigates the extent to which ostensibly neutral terms can function as linguistic vehicles for exclusionary, racist, and antisemitic messages to a specific, ideologically aligned audience. While Sellner’s primary influence remains German/Austrian, his tactics reflect global far-right strategies. We thus contextualize his rhetoric through selective comparison with other far-right figures to illuminate shared communication logics. The findings reveal how coded language may shape public discourse while navigating social and legal constraints, with significant implications for political communication, media practices, and policymaking.

We consider the numerical solution of high-frequency scattering problems modelled by the Helmholtz equation with a bounded obstacle. Although the analysis of this problem dates back at least 50 years, over the past decade or so, tools and techniques from semiclassical analysis have provided a new perspective and been used to settle several long-standing open problems in this area. Semiclassical analysis works in phase space (i.e. position and frequency) and describes rigorously the extent to which solutions of high-frequency PDEs are dictated by the properties of the corresponding geometric optics rays.

The goals of the article are (i) to give a introduction to semiclassical analysis aimed at non-experts and (ii) to showcase some of the numerical analysis results about finite element methods, boundary element methods and domain decomposition methods obtained using semiclassical techniques.

Archaeological data literacy is an integral part of the stewardship of the archaeological record. From paper notes, and their digital surrogates, to time and power intensive computer-based modeling and simulations, archaeologists of all kinds require data literacy to do their jobs and preserve the work of previous generations. Yet, archaeological data literacy lacks explicit education in current archaeological training despite the demand for these skills in academic research contexts and in private sector and government mandated archaeology. In this review, we reflect on the places hiring archaeologists expect data literacy skills to be taught and frame this call in terms of a need to incorporate explicit data skills in archaeological education. We also suggest that the cultivation of data literacy skills should be part of the continuing education of archaeologists as the field becomes increasingly data and technology oriented.

The well of Junia Rufina has long been one of the main features of the archaeology of Roman Butrint. This paper aims at offering a chronological and cultural context for its dedication by inserting it into contemporary urban and historical developments. The monumentalization of the well in the 2nd c. CE illustrates how increased access to and architectural display of water was a main aspect of urban policy in the newly founded province of Epirus, in line with the rest of the Greek world. The role of Rufina, on the other hand, can be understood in the light of the cultural policies of the time, and as a manifestation of the power and prestige attached to female patronage in highly networked families throughout the Empire at the time of Hadrian.

Fieldwork at Kurd Qaburstan (ancient Qabra?) on the Erbil plain of northern Mesopotamia (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) in 2022 acquired a variety of new evidence on the Middle and Late Bronze occupations at the 95-hectare walled urban site. Geophysical survey revealed the existence of a probable palace in the Lower Town East, where excavations exposed a set of baked brick structures that were probably used for institutional storage and food processing. Large-scale Middle Bronze buildings were also explored on the High Mound North Slope (a burned building), the High Mound East, and in the temple on the Lower Town East. The faunal remains of the latter structure were dominated by young sheep/goat, implying ritualized uses of select animals. Late Bronze remains, exposed on the High Mound North and High Mound East, were small-scale domestic or industrial in character. Complementing the excavations, a study of Middle Bronze pottery offers details on pottery production and ceramic change, while zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical analyses supply further insights into the human-animal and human-plant relationships in this ancient urban community.