Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) have become critical tools for analysing the complex interactions within agriculture and food systems, offering valuable insights for evidence-based policymaking. This article reviews 12 widely applied agriculture and food Integrated Assessment Models, categorizing them into four primary sub-groups: Food Security, Land Use, and Socio-economic Models; Hydrological and Water Resources Models; Land, Crop, and Food Production Models; and Food–Energy–Water Nexus Models. The review highlights their respective capabilities, including cost minimization, depth of the food–energy–water nexus analysis, integration with other domains and tools, and spatial and temporal resolution. A comparative assessment underscores each model’s unique strengths, such as resource intensity accounting in FABLE, climate-focused numerical analysis in MAgPIE and IMPACT, resource balance optimization in GCAM, and scenario-based water resource allocation in WEAP. Synergies between models and their integration with other domains, including energy and economic systems, are also explored, demonstrating their potential for producing holistic scenarios addressing climate adaptation, resource constraints and dietary transitions. The findings emphasize the significant role Integrated Assessment Models play in advancing the EU’s sustainability agenda, including the Green Deal and Common Agricultural Policy. These integrated approaches are crucial for crafting strategies that enhance food system resilience, optimize resource use, and support climate goals, positioning IAMs as indispensable instruments for shaping sustainable and equitable food systems worldwide.

Cet article explore les effets ambivalents des mobilisations juridiques autochtones, dans un contexte de faible État de droit, à partir d’une étude de cas approfondie de la communauté Xákmok Kásek au Paraguay. Malgré une victoire devant la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’Homme, les résultats matériels restent limités. Toutefois, le recours au droit joue un rôle important en légitimant les luttes et en structurant les actions collectives. L’analyse repose sur un travail de terrain mené à Asunción et dans le Chaco en 2022, incluant quarante-six entretiens, l’étude de documents juridiques et l’accès aux archives d’ONG. Théoriquement, l’article mobilise les travaux sur les mobilisations juridiques dans les régimes hybrides et autoritaires. Il montre que le droit, bien qu’imparfait, peut renforcer la visibilité et la légitimité des revendications. Cette contribution éclaire les usages stratégiques du droit dans des contextes répressifs et invite à reconsidérer ses effets au-delà des victoires formelles.

This article provides a formal phonological analysis of s-retraction, the process by which /s/ is realized as [ʃ] in /stɹ/ and /stj/ clusters, e.g. street [ʃʧɹiːt]. While previous research has focused on the sociophonetic and acoustic aspects of this phenomenon, this study situates s-retraction within Element Theory (ET), demonstrating that it is driven by the affrication of the following coronal stop. The analysis shows that both the rhotic /ɹ/ and the glide /j/ function as palatal triggers, as they both contain the palatal element |I|, which spreads leftward, affecting the coronal stop and, subsequently, the preceding /s/.

The study also explains why s-retraction is restricted to /stɹ/ and /stj/ clusters, while being absent in /spɹ/ and /skɹ/. This absence is attributed to elemental antagonism, as labials and velars contain |U|, which prevents affrication. The article further accounts for dialectal variation in yod coalescence and yod dropping, showing that the presence of these processes determines whether affrication – and, consequently, s-retraction – occurs.

Crucially, the evidence from external sandhi suggests that s-retraction is an active phonological process, rather than a purely phonetic effect. The findings align with broader cross-linguistic palatalization patterns, supporting the view that s-retraction is governed by systematic phonological principles.

We study the representation of non-weakly compact operators between $AL$-spaces. In this setting, we show that every operator admits a best approximant in the ideal of weakly compact operators. Using duality arguments, we extend this result to operators between $C(L)$-spaces where $L$ is extremally disconnected. We also characterize the weak essential norm for operators between $AL$-spaces in terms of factorizations of the identity on $\ell_1$. As a consequence, we deduce that the weak Calkin algebra $\mathscr{B}(E)/\mathscr{W}(E)$ admits a unique algebra norm for every $AL$-space $E$. By duality, similar results are obtained for $C(K)$-spaces. In particular, we prove that for operators $T: L_{\infty}[0,1] \to L_{\infty}[0,1]$ the weak essential norm, the residuum norm, and the De Blasi measure of weak compactness coincide, answering a question of González, Saksman and Tylli.

Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) is an invasive species with significant ecological and economic impacts, making its detection and mapping critical for effective management. This study reviews remote sensing techniques for mapping P. aquilinum from 1996 to 2023. A total of 32 peer-reviewed articles were selected from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus following the screening of 1,612 retrieved records. Bibliometric analysis, using VOSviewer software and Social Network Analysis (SNA), explored Keyword relationships, author collaborations, and institutional contributions. The research output shows fluctuations, publication gaps, and a resurgence in interest post 2021. Most studies (28%) were conducted in North America and Europe, with 26% originating from Africa. Key sensors identified include Landsat, Worldview-2, SPOT-5, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Recent advancements demonstrated the effectiveness of high-resolution optical sensors and machine-learning models in improving detection accuracy. However, challenges remain, including data limitations, methodological inconsistencies, and classification accuracy issues. This review emphasizes the need for higher-resolution imagery, advanced machine learning approaches, and standardized methodologies for improved P. aquilinum monitoring. Enhanced detection methods are crucial for effective ecological management, early intervention, and mitigating the spread of P. aquilinum.

Lake sediments record past hydrologic variability, but natural lakes are often sparse in semiarid and arid regions, making the calibration of paleohydrologic models a challenge. At Lake Elsinore, the largest of the few natural lakes in Southern California, we explore and develop a novel transfer function approach for reconstructing lake depth. Using 32 modern surface sediment samples spanning Lake Elsinore’s littoral to profundal zones, we establish a statistical relationship between lake depth and sediment elemental geochemistry composition analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF). We develop lake depth transfer functions using weighted averaging-partial least squares (WA-PLS) and modern analog technique (MAT). Application of the WA-PLS C5 elemental geochemistry-based transfer function to Lake Elsinore sediment cores reveals a climatically sensitive and variable lake hydrology over the past 32,000 years. The reconstruction suggests a prolonged shallowing during an early Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2) mega-drought between 28,000 and 25,000 cal yr BP, a deep lake spanning the last glacial maximum, a wet–dry response to the Younger Dryas, and a highly dynamic MIS 1/Holocene lake. This single-lake elemental geochemistry technique may be useful in similar settings for reconstructing lake depth and inferring past hydrologic changes.

Anxiety is a common mental health concern worldwide, with a growing burden in Bangladesh. This study investigates the prevalence of anxiety among women of reproductive age, emphasizing rural–urban disparities and examining how sociodemographic factors and nutritional status contribute to anxiety across these geographic contexts. Data were obtained from the 2022 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Anxiety was assessed using the GAD-7 scale, with scores ≥10 indicating moderate-to-severe anxiety. Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals for associated factors. Among women, 22.11% reported mild anxiety (22.63% rural; 20.81% urban) and 4.37% moderate-to-severe anxiety (4.50% rural; 4.05% urban). Women aged 35–49 years had higher odds (rural AOR = 2.004; national AOR = 1.75). Relative to Dhaka, anxiety risk was greater in Khulna (AOR = 1.86) and Sylhet (AOR = 1.74). Muslim women and those in urban areas with secondary education showed increased odds. Agricultural and nonworking women had lower odds than skilled workers. Husbands’ low education and unemployment raised anxiety risk. Those not wanting more children, experiencing family pressure to conceive (AOR = 3.41), justifying wife-beating and with pregnancy termination history faced higher odds. Recent menstruation was protective (AOR = 0.81). Anxiety among Bangladeshi women of reproductive age is influenced by age, region, education, occupation and reproductive health factors. Higher odds were found among older women, the uneducated and those in regions like Sylhet. Family pressure to conceive, domestic violence justification and abortion history were significantly linked to higher anxiety.

Esta conversación surge de una frustración compartida por una antropóloga y un historiador a propósito de la reacción de muchos científicos sociales ante su interés por estudiar las clases medias en América Latina. En ella proponemos explorar cómo el estudio de las clases medias y el uso de esta categoría como constructo histórico proporciona una perspectiva enriquecedora para comprender las múltiples y diversas formas de poder y dominación en la región, desafiando ciertas interpretaciones hegemónicas. Se proponen, además, tres ejes temáticos de discusión: lo político y coyuntural, lo historiográfico-metodológico y lo histórico político. Estos ejes permiten anudar puntos cruciales de conexión entre el estudio histórico de las clases medias y un análisis crítico interdisciplinario e interseccional sobre procesos históricos más amplios.

This article examines the racial discourse of Zou Rong, a 20th-century Chinese radical intellectual, and the puzzling rendering of transnational racial politics at work in his pamphlet The Revolutionary Army. In this text, Zou employs the imported concept of race to refashion Han Chinese identity within a politically motivated global racial taxonomy. He then problematizes the “double enslavement” of the Han race at the trans-imperial nexus of domestic Manchu domination and global white supremacy. Finally, he urges a multifront revolution in China by discursively vindicating Han Chinese racial uplift within a newly reconfigured system of racial hierarchy. In reconstructing the formation and broader political stakes of Zou’s racial discourse, this article centers the deeply contingent and paradoxical alignment of racism and imperialism and the nuanced power relations between peoples of color. It also exemplifies a transnational approach to comparative political theory that focuses on the circulation and negotiation of ideas.

This article reports on outcomes and lessons learned from a four-day mhGAP-IG cascade training programme delivered in 2023 to psychosocial support workers from Red Crescent Societies in Iraq, Egypt and Jordan by primary care physicians who had themselves completed mhGAP-IG training. Participants demonstrated significant gains in knowledge, confidence and competence, supported by assessments and qualitative feedback. The training improved preparedness, clarified clinical language and enhanced comfort in addressing mental, neurological and substance use disorders. This experience highlights the feasibility of cascade training as a sustainable model to strengthen front-line mental healthcare capacity in conflict-affected low- and middle-income countries.

Artificial intelligence is increasingly interwoven with design thinking (DT), yet comparative, stage-by-stage syntheses across canonical DT models remain scarce. This literature review maps how AI augments and challenges the major stages of widely used models and relates these effects to five illustrative domains. Following the SPAR-4-SLR protocol, we searched the Web of Science (2005–August 2025), screened records in two stages and assembled a corpus of 205 eligible studies for comparative synthesis. Across models, AI scales early-stage evidence work through large-N text and behavioral analytics, widens ideation via generative systems and accelerates prototyping and testing through simulation and predictive evaluation; at the same time, risks include bias, privacy and sovereignty concerns, evaluation opacity and homogenization of creative output. The weight of evidence supports hybrid intelligence: allocate divergent exploration primarily to AI while retaining human judgment for convergent selection and ethical decision-making. A complementary AI-native “Stingray” model highlights concurrent train–develop–iterate workflows that treat AI as a co-designer, while underscoring governance needs around interpretability and auditability. Overall, the review offers a model-by-model, stage-specific map of AI’s roles in DT, along with practical guidance for responsible deployment and research priorities for assessing boundary conditions and external validity.

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) poses a significant threat to northeastern U.S. crop production due to its rapid growth, prolific seed production, and evolving herbicide resistance. This study characterized the response of four A. palmeri populations from New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ) to postemergence applications of atrazine, a photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor, and mesotrione, a hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor. Dose–response bioassays revealed that two NY populations (NY-GEN and NY-STE) exhibited high-level atrazine resistance, 31- to 42-fold based on ED90 estimates, whereas NY-ORA and NJ-CMB populations remained susceptible. Target-site sequencing of the psbA gene revealed no mutations, indicating that resistance is conferred by a non–target site mechanism. Metabolic assays demonstrated that resistant populations retained 20% to 21% less intact atrazine 48 h posttreatment compared with the susceptible reference, suggesting enhanced metabolism likely mediated by glutathione S-transferase enzymes. All populations were susceptible to mesotrione, with the field rate of 105 g ai ha⁻1 providing ≥94% control. Tank mixtures of atrazine plus mesotrione applied postemergence provided near-complete control (≥97% biomass reduction relative to nontreated checks) across the tested populations, including those resistant to atrazine alone, which is consistent with synergistic interactions between PSII and HPPD inhibitors. This study documents two new cases of atrazine-resistant A. palmeri in New York and shows that resistance is mediated by enhanced metabolism, consistent with findings from other states. These results have important implications for northeastern corn (Zea mays L.) production, where atrazine remains foundational to weed management. The sustained efficacy of atrazine–mesotrione combinations offers an immediate management option, but integrated strategies incorporating multiple herbicide sites of action and cultural practices are critical to prevent further resistance evolution.

The article is devoted to comparison of two generalizations of the bounding number $\mathfrak {b}$.

This article examines the intersection of musicology and philosophy by building on Nina Sun Eidsheim’s critique of Adriana Cavarero’s vocal ontology of uniqueness, assessing its strengths and weaknesses while exploring the influence of Hannah Arendt on Cavarero’s thought, with insights from Sophie Loidolt on Arendtian plurality. While acknowledging the challenges inherent in a paradigm where voice reflects the human subject, I show that Eidsheim’s claims against Cavarero are not fully justified, despite Cavarero’s framework inadequately addressing racialized embodiment. To reconcile these perspectives, I reinterpret Eidsheim’s theory of voice as action in terms of Karen Barad’s intra-action. I propose a framework that views voice as a dynamic material-discursive phenomenon, capable of revealing and obscuring the uniqueness of embodied subjects through repeatable vocal scripts. I suggest that vocal uniqueness arises contextually not as a fixed point or an intersection of axes but as a moving topological knot, produced intra-actively in an act of agential cut. While the features of a person’s voice can be delineated in the act of observation, evoking a sense of uniqueness, such delineation does not reveal any kind of unmoving, unmistakable truth—either about the voice or the person who uses it.

This article outlines the way in which the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest Laboratory in Oregon has nurtured a conversation between writers, artists, and scientists. The Andrews was the birthplace of New Forestry, a concept and philosophy that has impacted writing on (and in) old-growth forests. In this article, I also introduce some of the key themes and core concerns of a literature connected to New Forestry and produced at this experimental forest laboratory.

We develop and validate a survey instrument to elicit six key economic preferences in children: undefined time preferences, risk preferences, altruism, positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and trust. The survey was administered to a sample of 339 nine-year-old children, for whom we also collected behavioral data through incentivized choice experiments targeting the same preferences. Our econometric analysis allows us to identify a set of 14 survey items that best predict children’s experimental behavior. For each preference, we also compare the predictive power of this 14-item validated survey to a shorter 9-item self-evaluation version. Our results demonstrate that these surveys provide a simple and reliable tool for measuring individual preferences in children – enabling researchers to account for heterogeneity when designing and evaluating policies targeting younger populations.