Fungal feed additives offer a potential avenue to enhance dairy cattle health and productivity. This narrative review examines and consolidates literature investigating the effects of products containing, or derived from, anaerobic fungi (AF), obligately aerobic filamentous fungi and yeasts. There is a sparsity of research investigating supplemental AF in cattle, but existing literature demonstrates that AF can consistently increase the digestibility of feeds. Anaerobic fungal additives are limited by their oxygen vulnerability, although characterization of the resting stage of their lifecycle would aid in the development of products which could be used on farm. The majority of research investigating aerobic fungi in dairy cattle is based upon their fermentation products. These products often enhance digestibility variables in cattle, which sometimes benefits growth and production. Inconsistent responses, which are attributed to heterogenous product composition and rumen stability, hinder the industry utility of these additives, and further research is required to define the conditions required for efficacy. A large body of research exists examining the effects of active yeast and yeast derivatives in mature cattle and calves. In-depth examination of this research is beyond the scope of this review, but substantial evidence suggests that supplementing dairy cattle with yeast can be advantageous for gut health and development, production and stress tolerance. This review highlights the pathways through which exogenous fungi can enhance dairy production, and that further research is required to define the causes of inconsistent responses from treatments. This will increase the value of fungal additives to the dairy sector.

After the Occultation of the Twelfth Imam (al-ghaybah al-kubrā) in the fourth AH/tenth CE century, the applicability of divinely ordained punishments, ḥudūd, became a subject of theo-juridical controversies between two groups of Shiʿi jurists: pro- and anti-ḥudūd. In the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and the establishment of a Shiʿi theocracy, Iranian theocrats supported the pro-ḥudūd Shiʿi jurists, and as a result, ḥudūd punishments were incorporated into the Islamic Penal Code and have been applied by the state ever since. Some Iranian legal reformers, recognizing the challenges in applying ḥudūd punishments, have put forward two politico-juridical mechanisms (zarfiyat): the secondary ruling and the state order. These two mechanisms, the reformers assert, may be used by the Islamic Republic of Iran to suspend ḥudūd punishments. In this article, I examine both the arguments presented by reformers and the objections to these arguments raised by conservative and Shiʿi orthodox-minded jurists. These objections pose doctrinal challenges that impede the utilization of these mechanisms, thus obstructing the suspension of ḥudūd punishments.

In times of crisis, such as pandemics or social injustice, people often talk about the importance of solidarity, standing together for a common cause. However, this term, while powerful, can sometimes leave people out, especially those who do not fit neatly into shared identities or experiences. Our paper examines how the concept of solidarity can unintentionally exclude individuals, obscure power disparities, or even be exploited by political or corporate interests. Rather than abandoning the concept, we suggest adding a new term: convergence. This word captures the idea of people coming together from different backgrounds to work towards shared goals, without needing to be the same or agree on everything. By combining solidarity with convergence, we can build more inclusive, transparent, and dynamic ways of working together in today’s complex world. This shift in language may help us navigate global challenges more fairly and collaboratively.

What it means for a provision to be “incompatible” with Convention rights is crucial in determining whether courts with the power to do so ought to make a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (“HRA”). A clear understanding of incompatibility is also necessary for the proper operation of statements of compatibility under section 19 HRA. It is crucial for the devolved legislatures whose incompatible legislation is “not law”. And delegated legislation can be struck down, or declared incompatible, by a court for the same reason. Yet the test for determining incompatibility remains unclear and understudied. The lack of clarity threatens both rights protection and dialogue between the different branches, and layers, of the state. This article argues that the test currently favoured sets the bar inappropriately high and that the test must more clearly consider both the potential extent, and the likelihood, of the breach.

As protected areas increasingly compete with other land uses, their ability to generate economic value through tourism has become central to both public acceptance and long-term sustainability. However, the effects of tourism on wildlife remain understudied, particularly in African protected areas. Mole National Park, Ghana’s largest protected area, is critical for both biodiversity conservation and ecotourism. With plans to expand tourism into its less-visited areas, we assessed the impacts of tourism on medium- to large-sized mammals using multiple metrics. Camera traps were deployed across zones with low, medium and high tourism use, recording 24 mammal species over 6,050 trap-days. Although overall species richness and abundance were similar across zones, certain species showed higher relative abundance in high-use areas (e.g. kob Kobus kob, African buffalo Syncerus caffer) and others were more abundant in low-use areas (e.g. western hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus major, African savannah elephant Loxodonta africana). The most consistent effect of higher tourism levels was a shift in daily activity patterns towards more nocturnal behaviour, probably in response to human presence. Olive baboons Papio anubis and common warthogs Phacochoerus africanus, however, maintained peak activity around midday. Juvenile presence was highest in low-tourism zones, suggesting possible reproductive sensitivity to disturbance. These behavioural and demographic responses may have longer-term consequences for population dynamics. Our findings raise concerns about the expansion of tourism into currently undisturbed areas, as wildlife is already responding to existing pressure. We recommend designating no-access zones as wildlife breeding areas, implementing buffer zones based on species activity and educating tourists on responsible wildlife viewing. Finally, we highlight the need for broader research on tourism impacts across conservation landscapes in Africa.

The pediatric urgent care setting offers a unique opportunity to enroll pediatric patients and their families to facilitate the study of human immunology. However, it is an underutilized environment for recruiting participants into research studies, most likely driven by a fundamental “conflict of urgency” – the tension between the time-limited nature of acute ambulatory care and the time-intensive requirements of human subjects research. To address this challenge, we implemented a study of infant and maternal immune responses to respiratory tract infection (the MATMilk study) across four Seattle Children’s Hospital Urgent Care (SCHUC) clinics using a novel, two-phase study design, which uncoupled initial clinical contact from enrollment and specimen collection. This approach allowed complete remote participation and minimized disruption to clinical workflows. To date, we have enrolled n = 36 infants and n = 39 mothers and have complete biospecimen sets from n = 30 infants and n = 28 mothers. The cohort is from a broad geographical catchment in the Puget Sound region and is racially and ethnically diverse, reflecting the demographics of the SCHUC patient population. Our scalable, resource-efficient approach provides a model for integrating basic science research into hospital-affiliated pediatric urgent care networks.

Despite growing recognition of the intergenerational effects of maternal mental health, evidence from tea garden communities remains limited. This study assessed the mental health status of working mothers in tea gardens of Moulvibazar, Bangladesh, examined its association with children’s well-being, and explored contextual factors shaping maternal mental health. A convergent cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted. Using a purposive and stratified random sampling technique, the quantitative data were collected from 451 working mothers with at least one child aged 2–7 years. Mothers’ psychological well-being was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 and World Health Organisation–Five scales, while children’s behavioural and emotional well-being was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The qualitative component included 11 key informant interviews and two focus group discussions (FGDs) from Moulvibazar, Bangladesh. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative data were thematically analysed. A substantial proportion of mothers reported high levels of psychological distress, with 32.4%, 29.9% and 31.7% experiencing moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety and stress, respectively, while 33.9% had poor well-being. Age was significantly associated with stress (p = 0.014) and overall well-being (p = 0.002), whereas no significant association was observed between childcare arrangements and anxiety (p = 0.171). Among children, 87.8% were classified as having abnormal SDQ scores based on maternal report. Addressing maternal mental health through improved working conditions, accessible childcare and targeted mental health interventions is critical for breaking cycles of intergenerational vulnerability.

Conservation biocontrol is crucial for crop pest management, but the impact of agricultural management practices on natural enemies of crop pests is poorly characterised. The timing of crop sowing could impact arthropod communities by altering basal resource availability and quality, manifesting in altered nutrient availability for herbivorous arthropods and cascading impacts on natural enemy fitness and function. This study investigates how the timing of crop sowing impacts arthropod predator nutrition and whether associated differences relate to changes in prey availability. Arthropod predators and their prey were collected from adjacent plots of winter- and spring-sown wheat. The biochemical macronutrient (carbohydrate, lipid and protein) content of predators was determined by colourimetric assays and compared between winter- and spring-sown crops using multivariate models. Predator nutrient contents were compared to prey availability inferred using null network models based on both recent and current prey abundances. The nutrient contents of arthropod predators differed significantly between winter- and spring-sown wheat, driven by differences in carbohydrate content, and prey abundances similarly differed, but neither recent nor current prey availability explained differences in predator nutrition. These findings may indicate that prey quality, rather than identity, changes with the developmental stages of crops sown at different times. The different nutritional states of predators in crops sown at different times may have important implications for the spillover of natural enemies of crop pests between crops.

The assumption that deleted digital information is irretrievably lost remains widespread, yet this belief obscures the continued existence of residual traces within archives, backups, and systems that implement only partial or ‘soft’ deletion. Such remnants, though frequently overlooked, may persist in shaping the operation of artificial intelligence (AI) and therefore warrant critical examination. This article addresses three interrelated questions. First, through what mechanisms do obsolete or concealed data fragments re-enter AI systems and exert influence that manifests as bias or distortion? Second, in what ways might the trajectory of digital information be conceptualised through reference to ecological processes such as decomposition, renewal, and systemic adaptation? Third, what forms of regulatory or procedural innovation – here articulated as a model of ‘digital composting’ – could facilitate the identification, evaluation, and responsible management of residual data? The analysis demonstrates that outdated data frequently function as ‘ghost inputs’. Despite their invisibility, these elements shape the generative capacity of AI, modify the narratives it produces, and subtly recalibrate public discourse as well as shared cultural memory. Their persistence underscores the communicative and social significance of digital traces once presumed to be obsolete. To advance this discussion, the article introduces the concept of a ‘Data Decay Pathway’. This framework offers a novel means of addressing accountability and transparency in digital systems, emphasising that processes of digital decay, much like those observed in natural ecosystems, may serve either to sustain the vitality of collective memory or to propagate forms of distortion and systemic vulnerability.

Based on a semantic verbal fluency task, this study investigated the category internal structure in Chinese-speaking people with aphasia. The results show that the aphasia patients had a similar category internal structure to the healthy controls. For one thing, the patients produced basic-level and subordinate concepts at a similar rate to healthy controls. For another, the top 10 correct responses made by the patients and healthy controls were almost the same. In addition, the sociodemographic factors like age, education and gender did not play a significant role in the category production for the patients, but aphasia severity, type, cognitive functions and working memory strongly affected their category production. Overall, this study shows that the patients’ conceptual system seemed to be somewhat intact since they produced correct responses at a very high rate, like healthy controls and their differences mainly lay in quantity. This suggests that aphasia patients’ main problems may lie in lexical access to their conceptual system.

This article investigates the extent to which American Muslims express solidarity with Black-led social movements, focusing on the 2020 Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. American Muslims occupy a unique position in the US social landscape as a faith-based group that is racialized and frequently experiences surveillance and subjugation when encountering US law enforcement. Using data from two nationally representative online panel surveys of American Muslims conducted in 2020—the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding survey and the Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey—this study finds that Muslims report relatively higher levels of support for BLM compared to other religious groups (e.g., Christian and Jewish) and other ethnoracial groups (e.g., Latinos and Asian Americans). These findings provide further insight into American Muslims and their linkage to Black social movements, given the role of Black communities—particularly Black Muslims—in shaping the social foundations and political mobilization of American Islam. This research contributes to ongoing conversations about interminority group relations amid a shifting democracy in the United States.

Techniques using multiple tracers of the large scale structure of the universe show great promise for examining the fundamentals of our Universe’s cosmology. Such techniques rely on the different relationship between the overdensity of tracers and the broader matter overdensity, enabling cosmic-variance-free tests of primordial non-Gaussianity in the initial curvature perturbations. There is a great opportunity for current and future all-sky extra-galactic radio surveys to make use of this technique to test for non-Gaussianity at a precision greater than existing all-sky constraints from the cosmic microwave background. To realise this goal, there is a need for accurate simulations. Previous radio galaxy simulations have either been realistic but covering only a small area (and so unhelpful for cosmological forecasts), or all-sky dark matter only cosmological simulations but having no connection to a real radio galaxy population. In this study, we use the FLAMINGO suite of cosmological surveys, as well as the matching of dark matter halos to radio galaxy population, to create an accurate sky simulation in order to examine the feasibility of multi-tracer techniques. We present an analysis of the clustering (with a bias model for the simulation), as well as redshift distributions, source counts and radio luminosity functions, and discuss future work on non-Gaussianity detection.

On 14 November 2025, the High Court of England and Wales handed down judgment in the largest environmental mass tort in UK history: the group claim by more than 600,000 Brazilian victims of the 2015 collapse of the Fundão tailings dam against the mining giant BHP Group. In Município de Mariana v BHP Group, the Court found BHP (through its UK and Australian-listed parent companies) liable on both strict liability and negligence grounds under Brazilian law.1