The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) was a research-intense, one-year training program for recent college graduates from experiential backgrounds uncommon in science who intended to matriculate with a PhD program in preparation for a career in biomedical research. Case Western Reserve University had an NIGMS-supported PREP (CasePREP) from 2007 until 2025, the year NIGMS terminated the program and early expired the PREP funding mechanism. We report here the extent that CasePREP, with its 108 Scholars, met program goals as well as the economic and scientific impact NIGMS-supported PREP has had for a variety of stakeholders. CasePREP was a great success as measured by its major outcomes: matriculation into a PhD or MD/PhD program (83%) and completion of degree (51 Scholars to date). CasePREP Scholars have persisted in science and have made substantial contributions to the scientific workforce and enterprise. PREPs in general provided a crucial bridge for research talents who had little prior research opportunities to realize their potential and career goals. NIGMS termination of PREP support has negative economic consequences and endangers an important pathway to a career in science for Americans who would not otherwise have similar opportunities.

Behavioral economics’ most severe criticism is that it lacks a coherent theory for predicting when irrationality will govern decision-making. BE is often therefore identified as a body of anomalies residual or exceptional to rational choice theory. This Article answers the question of why this is the case and does so by distinguishing between two types of predictive power—endogenous and exogenous. In lacking any normative foundation, behavioral economics is limited to the latter, which illuminates not only its theoretical limits but also why such exogeneity may be incompatible with a legal system based on general and uniform governance structures. The Article thus clarifies this long-running question of not only why behavioral economics is the residual of rational choice but also why it should be.

Este artículo analiza la presencia del arsénico en la vida cotidiana y en los imaginarios científicos, literarios y culturales de la América Latina finisecular. A partir de materiales provenientes de Argentina, México y Venezuela, se examina la ambivalencia de una sustancia que circuló libremente como cosmético, medicamento, insecticida y veneno doméstico. La ubicuidad del arsénico —facilitada por la débil regulación sanitaria y por su disponibilidad en comercios comunes— permitió que se integrara simultáneamente en prácticas de blanqueamiento, dispositivos de ortopedia corporal y crímenes pasionales difíciles de demostrar para la naciente toxicología. El artículo propone que el arsénico operó como un dispositivo que disciplinaba cuerpos considerados “impuros” (según categorías de género, raza y clase) y, a la vez, alimentaba relatos melodramáticos y policiales sobre el suicidio y el envenenamiento. El artículo muestra cómo esta flexibilidad —remedio y veneno, cura y daño, belleza e intoxicación— otorgó al arsénico un papel central en la construcción moral, estética y científica del fin de siglo, en el que la frontera entre medicina, cosmética y delito se volvió particularmente porosa.

This article addresses the historical and ongoing exclusion of descendant and local communities, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), from digital archaeological archives. We contend that current digitization practices often perpetuate colonial-era biases through limited, monolingual metadata that fail to reflect or engage with local histories and knowledge systems. Noting the insufficiency of current FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, Ethics) data frameworks for this specific context, we propose a shift toward reparative, co-stewardship models. Drawing on practice-led pilot projects within digital archaeological archives using Linked Open Data (LOD) and community-facilitated annotation, this article demonstrates practical pathways for integrating diverse, multilingual perspectives to enrich archive metadata. In so doing, it demonstrates how digital interventions have the potential to destabilize power dynamics and work toward reparative practice. Ultimately, we advocate for conscious professional collaboration and institutional reform to transform archives from static repositories into dynamic spaces of equitable engagement, actively combating digital colonialism.

The α-synuclein seed amplification assay (SAA) is a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease (PD) but requires cerebrospinal fluid. We applied a validated model to predict α-synuclein SAA+ using remotely collected data in LRRK2 G2019S carriers. VALOR-PD participants completed at-home olfactory and autonomic assessments. SAA+ probabilities for manifest and non-manifest carriers at baseline and month 36 visits were estimated. Baseline SAA+ mean probability was 0.57 (manifest) and 0.28 (non-manifest). Over three years, SAA+ mean probabilities increased in manifest (0.66, p = 0.014) and non-manifest carriers (0.38, p < 0.001), paralleling olfactory declines. Remotely collected data may be used to approximate SAA classification.

Despite substantial investment in clinical and translational research, only a small proportion of evidence-based interventions are adopted and sustained in routine practice, contributing to persistent delays between discovery and population benefit. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science is a critical discipline for addressing this gap, and the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program (established 2006) has been strategically positioned as a national infrastructure to advance D&I capacity. We conducted a national environmental scan of publicly available websites and documents from all 66 CTSA hubs (May–July 2025), using a structured extraction tool to capture D&I-specific activities across seven domains: institution and community partnerships, formal D&I organizational structures within the CTSA, consultation services, collaborative programming, training opportunities, educational offerings, and pilot funding mechanisms. Findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in D&I science activities across CTSA hubs; 45% had a formal D&I unit, 54% offered D&I consultation services, and 37% provided collaborative programming. Structured workforce development was limited: 12% offered D&I-focused training grants, 15% offered structured educational programs, and 15% provided D&I-specific pilot funding. Consultation models varied widely in scope, access, and evaluation practices. These findings demonstrate uneven development of D&I science infrastructure across CTSAs and highlight opportunities to strengthen capacity nationally.

What is the impact of income on secularity? Why does higher income lead to greater secularity in some contexts but not others? I argue that the answer lies in the long-term political consequences of direct colonial rule. Challenging conventional wisdom on secularization, I advance a macro-historical account in which colonial intervention reshaped the social meaning of secularity among higher-income groups. In societies subjected to direct colonial rule, secularity became associated with foreign imposition and elite collaboration, generating postcolonial resistance among the affluent. Consequently, higher income does not predict greater individual secularity in these contexts. By contrast, in societies never directly colonized, economic elites historically spearheaded modernization projects that incorporated secularization, producing a positive income–secularity association. I test this argument using 351,960 observations from 269 countries over three decades (1989–2022) in the World Values Survey, alongside additional evidence from the Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset.

Weight-sensitive, non-initial lexical stress in the Munster macrovariety of Irish (Gaelic) has attracted a considerable amount of attention in dialectological, phonological, and phonetic literature since at least the 18th century. However, the majority of work has been based on phonetically and terminologically imprecise descriptions found in Irish dialectology. Recent acoustic and statistical studies continue to rely on stipulated stress location as a starting point from which to consider phonetic correlates in small samples of data. What has been missing is a larger-scale, multi-region exploration of the distribution of common exponents of lexical stress without relying (implicitly or explicitly) on the presumed accuracy of previous descriptions.

A study of di- and trisyllabic words in two corpora of naturalistic speech from 34 L1 speakers of this variety from 1928 and 2020–21, respectively, was carried out. Maximum intensity, maximum f0, f0 range, and vowel duration were modelled as a function of syllable position while allowing for random slopes by token weight structure. Findings show some support for culminative prominence on lone heavy syllables outside of initial position, while results are less consistent for cases of competition between multiple heavy syllables. Large disparities in the frequency of certain weight structures raise questions about productivity of the processes underlying this stress system. Further, differences between findings for the 1928 and 2020–21 data encourage caution in assuming compatibility between historical descriptions and modern data in future work on this variety.

This paper examines peak national co-operative associations. It initially explores the business and co-operative history literature relating to these peak bodies highlighting the concept of Business Industry Associations. It then briefly explores the history of long-standing peak national co-operative associations in the US and the UK. By contrast the Australian experience has been one of limited progress until the formation of the Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals in 2013. There are a number of factors that explain the Australian experience including ideological conflicts, state-based co-operative legislation, the autonomy of state based federations, separate peak national bodies for financial co-operatives, and Neoliberalism. The Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals does not follow the theorized pattern of formation for Business Industry Associations and its brief history highlights the dependence of Business Industry Associations on recognition by the State for their survival.

This article draws on Roger Cotterrell’s framework for the sociological interpretation of the concept of trust to expound on, via examples from an empirical project in South Africa, methods for the empirical study of an informal environmental economy. Three distinct challenges encountered during fieldwork on the informal waste economy in South Africa are used to make a case for more robust empirical research methods – positionality, observation and the production of a documentary film, a non-traditional output. Each challenge concerns the relationship of trust between researcher and research respondent. The article concludes that these challenges can be addressed and managed via the appropriate socio-legal methodological framework. The article’s findings will have relevance for those embarking on an empirical study of the informal environmental economy, and for those interested in socio-legal methodology more generally.

European expansion from the fifteenth century onward triggered the global movement of numerous materials and objects, including Christian relics, which were crucial to missionary work. Nearly all ships departing Europe carried relics, which were essential for consecrating new churches in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Portugal, needing many relics for its overseas churches, sourced many of them from Cologne, home to the relics of Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgin companions. These relics were particularly suited to the needs of the Portuguese due to their symbolic ties to long-distance travel, missionary work, and martyrdom— paralleling the activities of early modern missionaries. The abundance of relics from Ursula’s group allowed for widespread distribution, facilitating a shared religious calendar across vast regions. Additionally, and this is what this article argues, the kinship connections among Ursula’s companions symbolically reinforced political unity across the Portuguese empire. The article also argues that images of saintly noble women filled a void in the Estado da India, as women from Europe very rarely traveled or settled there. This article brings together and analyzes the surviving pictorial evidence of the Ursula cult from the Estado da India.

Drawing on examples from the Maya center of Actuncan, Belize, in this article I argue for the use of the tools of narrative and the modern experience of ruins as reflected in ruination and critical heritage studies as lenses for understanding the impact of ruins in the context of past societies.

Declining trends in civic participation and the growing success of anti-systemic parties reflect a crisis of democratic legitimacy unforeseen by popular readings of secularisation and modernisation theories. These readings expect the rise of rational, predominantly non-religious citizens and the parallel decline of conformist, religious citizens to strengthen democratic institutions. We update this popular approach, which is built on a dichotomy between the non-religious and the religious worldview, by adding a third worldview type: heterodox beliefs (eg in astrology, lucky charms, fortune tellers, and faith healing). Neither conventionally religious nor grounded in rational secularism, heterodoxy has survived and thrives in modern societies but remains overlooked by comparative political science. Heterodoxy reflects a culture of unhealthy scepticism, receptivity to unverifiable ideas and social atomism, and sustains unique patterns of electoral behaviour. Empirical analyses of the International Social Survey Programme (1991−2018) indicate that heterodoxy, unlike the other two core worldviews, favours both electoral apathy and anti-systemic party choice. The electoral effects of heterodoxy point to an alternative diagnosis of current challenges to democratic legitimacy.