Canids increased in cursoriality through the Cenozoic, as environments transitioned from closed-canopy forest to open grassland and steppe. Canids have evolved through a series of radiations since their origin in the Eocene, but it is unclear if cursorial adaptations appeared in the earliest of these radiations. In the middle Oligocene, the basal hesperocyonines ecologically diversified, and the coyote-sized Mesocyon coryphaeus exemplified the transition from smaller, omnivorous canids to larger, hypercarnivorous forms. M. coryphaeus is exclusively known from the John Day Formation of North America. Although M. coryphaeus is a relatively common fossil in this formation, first recognized in the late 19th century, no postcranial material from this species has ever been formally described. Here, we present a near-complete skeleton of M. coryphaeus, JODA 3366, which includes a complete cranium, near-complete presacral spine, all long bones, elements of both the manus and pes, and a baculum. The short, robust limbs, mobile elbow joint, and tarsal morphology of M. coryphaeus indicate that this species retained a plantigrade to semidigitigrade posture, similar to the earliest canid Hesperocyon, and lacked the cursorial adaptations found in more derived canids. Based on this morphology, we interpret M. coryphaeus as a terrestrial ambush predator, more similar to large mustelids than extant canids, likely hunting small prey like hypertragulids. Although the habitat of M. coryphaeus would have been cooler and more open than the dense closed-canopy forests of the Eocene, enough vegetation cover was still present in the Oligocene for ambush hunting to remain a successful strategy.

The Rwenzururu movement was a secessionist movement that originated in western Uganda during the colonial era but whose claims for recognition gained traction in the independence period. It sought to secede from Uganda after decades of discriminatory treatment by the British colonial administration, the Toro group, and eventually an independent Ugandan state. Aware of the role of the United Nations (UN) in facilitating decolonisation across the African continent from the 1950s onwards, the Rwenzururu movement sought to insert itself in this epoch of decolonial changes. The movement was led by Isaya Mukirane, whose vision of internationalising the Rwenzururian campaign for self-determination initiated a series of petitions to the UN between 1962 and 1976. Petitions were brimming with hope in the 1960s and became more incendiary in the 1970s as the world’s power brokers did not respond to Rwenzururian appeals. The article traces how the movement adopted different methods, from waging a guerrilla war to diplomacy, to achieve self-determination and recognition from the international community. It connects the Rwenzururian struggle for autonomy to the contestations of minority rights at the UN. The article also highlights how the Rwenzururu movement still exercised agency by practising self-determination within the borders of the Rwenzururu Kingdom, even as it did not have multilateral engagement or attain official recognition from the UN.

During the 1990s, the Conurbano, the vast urban area surrounding Buenos Aires, became the site of an innovative popular politics, as poor people responded to a deepening crisis provoked by neoliberalism with a new repertoire of collective action. At the same time, the Conurbano was also the site of a hugely popular music and dance scene, the so-called Movida Tropical. Breaking with interpretations that depict tropical music as explicitly apolitical, consumerist, even frivolous, this article argues that the Movida Tropical helped create the conditions that made possible a political culture of resistance to neoliberalism. The Movida constituted its participants as a counterpublic, a visible, audible collective whose joyful social interactions expressed opposition to dominant aesthetic hierarchies. Operating within the spaces afforded by neoliberalism’s contradictions, it embodied a working-class aesthetic that resisted appropriation, marginalization, and dismissal while revalorizing provincial roots and sparking new Latin American affiliations.

To what extent are procedural evaluations among migrants associated with democratic institutional exposure? This study examines ethnic Korean Chinese migrants (Joseonjok) in South Korea who were raised under China’s authoritarian system yet participate in Korean local elections. Using an original survey with an embedded vignette experiment, the analysis draws on naturally occurring variation in cumulative electoral participation to evaluate its association with procedural evaluations. Individuals reporting higher levels of participation assign more favourable evaluations to participatory and representative decision rules and impose larger penalties on non-participatory procedures. These patterns are observed consistently across measures of legitimacy, fairness, trust, and acceptance. The findings suggest that electoral participation is associated with sharper procedural differentiation among migrants exposed to contrasting institutional contexts, providing insight into how political attitudes may vary across regime environments.

This article explores Guerrilla Public History as an alternative methodology to reclaim historical narratives of the oppressed, whose history has been stripped away by violence. The author draws on regional guerrilla combat methods, Paulo Freire’s emancipatory action research and Frantz Fanon’s liberatory violence to frame this new methodology of doing public history. Based on previous examples of public history projects that the author carried within academic institutions in the global North, the article proposes this new radical methodology, applicable on the margins of the institutional framework where research is conducted within a university and/or a museum, in order to reclaim the land, call for reparation, and address injustice. At a time when funding has been grotesquely exposing its power over academic integrity, artistic expression, and freedom of speech in anything related to Palestine, this article calls on institutionally affiliated researchers to be honest about the limits of their work’s impact, and for those who wish to show their true support, to be “Muchtabek” and to act as allies of the people who will lead the revolution, rather than commodifying their struggle.

This article brings Cotterrell’s legal concept of community based on trust-based interactions in social life to expand the critical horizons of economic sociology of law (ESL) in its analytical, normative and empirical aspects for law and development in Africa. Dominant law and economics approaches sometimes see informal economic activity as an aberration and/or an obstacle in development. This article proposes an alternative way of looking at informality in development in Africa through the lens of ESL. As part of wider social life, economic life is about social interactions in production, exchange, distribution and consumption while legal life is about social relations in and under the law. Furthermore, ‘legal and economic life shape and are shaped by each other, as well as by the wider social, and more-than-human, world’. This calls for a framework that reconceptualises law in ways that are inclusive of the many state, social, economic and other normative orders such as informal economic activity in African societies that are continually interacting as part of wider social life.

This article provides a leader-centred account of how ontological insecurity is managed in foreign policy. Building on Jim Marlow’s work and following a Lacanian-inspired understanding of the Self as fragmented and anxiety as a permanent condition of political life, it conceptualises ontological insecurity as a key driver of leadership agency rather than a problem to be resolved. Also investigated is how analogies and metaphors work as micro-narrative mechanisms, as a key part of leaders’ repertoire when triggering insecurity while projecting futures of continuity and renewal. By lending fluidity to storytelling, analogies and metaphors make unfamiliar situations intelligible to domestic and international audiences. Using interpretive narrative analysis, the illustrative case study of El Salvador’s populist leader, Nayib Bukele, is then turned to. The analysis reveals how leaders rely on analogies and metaphors to amplify collective anxieties while offering reassurance, thereby stabilising political authority without eliminating insecurity. By integrating ontological (in)security scholarship with leader-centred approaches in foreign policy analysis, the article demonstrates how narrative stability reflects not ontological security being achieved but ontological insecurity becoming governable. Thus, it contributes to a more process-oriented and agency-focused understanding of leaders, narrative, and ontological insecurity in the foreign policy domain.

Trauma is a risk factor for early-onset (EOP) and adult-onset (AOP) psychosis and is also associated with other psychiatric diagnoses and poorer fputcomes in the general population. We examined (1) whether trauma effects are specific to psychosis and (2) whether these effects differ between EOP and AOP.Linear regression models evaluated trauma exposure in two samples (EOP: 647 cases, 694 controls; AOP: 162 cases, 230 controls) as a function of psychotic and nonpsychotic psychiatric diagnosis (NPD) status. Parallel models assessed associations between trauma and symptom severity, global functioning, and cognition. Relative to individuals without psychiatric disorders, participants with psychosis and comorbid NPDs reported the greatest trauma exposure (EOP: β = 0.95; AOP: β = 1.1), followed by those with psychosis only (EOP: β = 0.67; AOP: β = 0.41) and NPDs only (EOP: β = 0.47; AOP: β = 0.36). Greater numbers of NPDs were associated with higher trauma exposure regardless of psychosis status (EOP: β = 0.15; AOP: β = 0.24). Trauma was associated with greater symptom severity (EOP: β = 0.13; AOP: β = 0.14) and poorer global functioning (EOP: β = −0.21; AOP: β = −0.13), but not cognition. No psychosis-by-trauma interactions were observed.Psychosis-specific effects were limited to greater trauma exposure, while trauma-related impacts on outcomes were similar across diagnostic groups. Findings were consistent across EOP and AOP. Results highlight the need for trauma-informed care in psychiatry given broad effects that influence disease course and prognosis.

This study examined how newly learned emotional meanings influence word processing in first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speakers. Participants learned Chinese pseudowords paired with disgusted, sad or neutral faces. Generalization and refreshing tests assessed whether the learned meanings extended beyond specific pairings, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a modified lexical decision task to probe neural processing. Both groups successfully learned and generalized the emotional associations, although L2 speakers showed reduced cross-modal generalization for sadness. ERP analyses revealed that unlearned pseudowords elicited stronger early posterior negativity (EPN) while emotional pseudowords elicited larger late positive complex (LPC). Also, L2 participants exhibited greater LPC amplitudes and broader cortical recruitment than L1 counterparts. Moreover, disgust and sadness diverged in early neural responses, with disgust eliciting enhanced EPNs. These findings indicate rapid affective binding to novel words and greater neural effort for L2 processing, suggesting similar temporal dynamics but increased resource demands in L2.

Traditional site-based clinical trials impose substantial logistical burdens that limit participation among individuals with geographic, mobility, transportation, and socioeconomic constraints, thereby undermining research equity and generalizability. Although pragmatic and decentralized trial designs seek to address these barriers, many health systems lack a mobile clinical workforce capable of conducting in-person research activities in community settings. Mobile Integrated Health (MIH) and Community Paramedicine (CP) programs, which leverage community paramedics and EMTs (MIH-CPs) to provide field-based care, may provide scalable infrastructure to support decentralized research delivery. We describe an institutional model that cross-trains and integrates MIH-CPs into research teams. Using study protocols, training materials, operational procedures, and implementation documents from five studies, we analyzed staffing models, credentialing and training processes, workflow integration, fidelity monitoring, and ethical and safety considerations. The included studies spanned pragmatic randomized and hybrid trials, and observational cohort studies across diverse clinical populations. MIH-CPs conducted recruitment, consent, assessments, intervention delivery, and data collection. Structured training, defined communication pathways, and integration with established clinical workflows supported protocol fidelity, participant safety, and operational feasibility. Embedding mobile community-based clinicians within research teams represents a pragmatic, equity-oriented strategy to expand decentralized trial capacity, reduce participant burden, and accelerate translation of evidence into real-world practice.

The usual definitions of algorithmic fairness focus on population-level statistics, such as demographic parity or equal opportunity. However, in many social or economic contexts, fairness is not perceived globally, but locally, through an individual’s peer network and comparisons. We propose a theoretical model of perceived fairness networks, in which each individual’s sense of discrimination depends on the local topology of interactions. We show that even if a decision rule satisfies standard criteria of fairness, perceived discrimination can persist or even increase in the presence of homophily or assortative mixing. We propose a formalism for the concept of fairness perception, linking network structure, local observation, and social perception. Analytical and simulation results highlight how network topology affects the divergence between objective fairness and perceived fairness, with implications for algorithmic governance and applications in finance and collaborative insurance.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is rapidly transforming education, including the ways students learn languages and experience motivation. While recent research has focused mainly on the affordances of GenAI, much less attention has been given to its potential risks for learners’ motivation and engagement. This paper addresses this gap by examining how GenAI may both enhance and undermine language learning motivation. We discuss how GenAI can affect the satisfaction or frustration of the three basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence, and relatedness – and how these effects may shift motivational orientations from intrinsic to extrinsic forms. We then explore how GenAI might reduce cognitive engagement, critical thinking, and assessment integrity when used uncritically. We also consider key methodological opportunities and challenges in researching GenAI-mediated language learning motivation. Based on this analysis, we identify key directions for future research agendas, including the balance between autonomy and dependence, sustaining motivation beyond novelty effects, rehumanizing digital learning, and redefining teachers’ roles in GenAI-rich contexts. We also call for theoretical renewal, ethical awareness, and methodological innovation in the study of GenAI-mediated motivation. A deeper understanding of these processes will allow future research and practice to harness GenAI’s potential responsibly, promoting motivation that is both sustainable and self-determined.

Data extraction in systematic reviews, maps, and meta-analyses is time-consuming and prone to human error or subjective judgment. Large Language Models offer the potential for saving time, yet their performance has been evaluated in a limited range of platforms, disciplines, and review types. We assessed the performance of the Elicit platform across diverse data extraction tasks using journal articles from seven systematic reviews in life and environmental sciences. Human-extracted data served as the gold standard. For each review, we used eight articles for prompt development and another eight for testing. Initial prompts were iteratively refined to exceed 87% accuracy or up to five rounds. We then tested extraction accuracy, reproducibility across user accounts, and the effect of Elicit's high-accuracy mode. Of 90 considered prompts, 70 exceeded the 87% accuracy when compared to gold standard, but tended to be lower when tested on a new set of articles. Repeating data extractions with different Elicit user accounts resulted in 90% agreement on extracted values, though supporting quotes and reasoning matched in only 46% and 30% of cases, respectively. In high-accuracy mode, value matches dropped to 77%, with just 10% quote matches and 0% reasoning matches. Extraction accuracy did not differ by data types. Elicit also helped identify eight (<1%) errors in the gold standard data. Our results show that Elicit can complement, but not replace, human data extractors. Elicit may be best used for sanity checks and to evaluate the clarity of data extraction protocols. Prompts must be fine-tuned and independently validated.

Informal debt collection is a widespread but underregulated phenomenon in Southeast Asia, where institutional enforcement remains weak and access to formal credit is limited. This article offers the first comparative legal analysis of informal debt collection practices and regulatory responses in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, with Australia serving as a reference jurisdiction. Drawing on a functionalist methodology, the study examines how sector-specific rules, soft-law guidelines, and general consumer protection law shape debt recovery processes across divergent legal and institutional contexts. It argues that informal collection methods, while often abusive, also reflect broader socio-economic conditions and governance gaps that cannot be addressed through technical legal reform alone. The article highlights emerging regulatory trends, including protections for small and medium enterprises, targeted safeguards for vulnerable debtors, and incremental licensing regimes, while cautioning against one-size-fits-all solutions. It proposes a phased reform strategy that combines national consolidation of legislative frameworks with the regional convergence of baseline norms around dignity, fairness, and enforcement transparency.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a critical intervention that greatly reduces the risk of HIV transmission, yet limited access to prescribing providers continues to constrain uptake in the United States. This study examines how geographic access to PrEP providers changed between 2020 and 2023 and identifies areas with limited access, referred to as PrEP deserts. Using the Integrated two-step floating catchment area method, this study finds that despite widespread gains in PrEP access, five states experienced increases in the total population living in PrEP deserts. Additionally, more than 5 million residents in states designated as priority jurisdictions under the Ending the HIV epidemic initiative gained geographic access to PrEP providers between 2020 and 2023. However, improvements were uneven: in some states, communities of colour experienced declining access and remain disproportionately represented in PrEP deserts. These findings highlight persistent geographic and demographic disparities in HIV prevention infrastructure despite recent federal efforts to expand PrEP availability.

The Wieser Report has emphasized how the European Financial Architecture for Development is characterized by a high level of overlap and fragmentation that produces inefficiencies in delivering aid. Fragmentation and overlap reduce the ability of the EU, the EU Member States, and the European financial institutions to compete as a single player with other stakeholders in the field of financing for development cooperation. To overcome this flaw, the Wieser Report has suggested changing the governance framework, proposing three options. One of these options would be to establish a European Bank for Cooperation and Development. The membership would include several stakeholders: the EU, the EU Member States, other European States, the European development banks, and the recipient countries. Including the recipient countries as full members would allow them to participate in defining and implementing the policy of the institution.