The governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) fundamentally depends on the implementation of risk management standards. Article 9 of the EU AI Act exemplifies this challenge, as it relies on indeterminate terms, such as “reasonably foreseeable risks” and “acceptability of risk”, to define the scope of the provision. This paper argues that such open risk management provisions require an economic framework in order to establish a coherent and innovation-friendly standard of care.

Drawing on the theoretical parallels between risk management and tort law, the analysis demonstrates the importance of cost-benefit and risk-utility models in transforming ambiguous legal standards into actionable ones. However, a purely quantitative approach proves insufficient for several reasons, including the risk of “metrics shopping” and the protection of fundamental rights. Consequently, the paper proposes a hybrid approach to risk management that integrates quantitative metrics with qualitative safeguards. Furthermore, in addressing the challenge of hindsight and outcome biases in ex-post enforcement, the analysis recommends applying the Business Judgment Rule (BJR) logic from corporate law. By limiting the standard of review to the quality of ex ante decision-making, this framework can be applied more widely to the management of AI risks.

RAF chaplaincy during the Second World War remains under-researched. This article draws on the letters of the RAF chaplain Charles Hooper to his wife Mary to explore Hooper’s ministry as RAF chaplain in England (October 1942–February 1945), and his responsibility for the RAF’s Moral Leadership courses in South East Asia (March 1945–July 1946). Hooper’s letters confirm that he took very seriously what he described as the ‘parochial’ aspects of RAF chaplaincy. In this, Hooper’s experience of RAF chaplaincy was largely coherent with other models of military chaplaincy. More distinctive is his role in shaping the programme and content of the Moral Leadership courses. Developed as a measure to combat what the RAF described as ‘Lack of Moral Fibre’ amongst air crew facing horrific levels of losses, in Hooper’s conception of them, these courses were intended to play a vital role in equipping RAF personnel for leadership in the post-war world.

This article examines the investiture of the crusader cross at the Council of Clermont in 1095. It argues that the presentation of this moment in monastic chronicles of the First Crusade represents a literary policy of social identity-making based upon the monastic experience. Monks were invested at their profession with their habit, which represented both a literal and a metaphorical cross which tied them to their monastic identity. The article goes on to explore the references to military arms in these monastic accounts of the crusader cross, and draws comparisons to contemporary depictions of depositions of arms as a cornerstone of knightly identity. It concludes that the investiture of the cross in 1095 should be considered within broader conversations about early ‘knighting’ practices, and that, despite the monastic influences on their presentation of crusaders, they were depicted deliberately as a distinct social group.

Following the 1688–90 Revolution, the Presbyterian Kirk sought to assert its authority over the British army in Scotland in matters of worship and discipline. However, the multi-confessional composition of the troops, as well as the legal ambiguities of military and ecclesiastical law, complicated these efforts. In particular, the use of Anglican liturgy for English soldiers in Scotland was in line with military laws but contradicted ecclesiastical law. The ensuing jurisdictional disputes both contributed to, and were exacerbated by, the Toleration Act (1712), which weakened the Kirk’s control over the military population. Despite these setbacks, the Kirk adapted by working together with military authorities to provide worship for soldiers, particularly in Highland garrisons, albeit in a more collaborative and less authoritative role. Ultimately, the presence of a multi-confessional army in Scotland forced the Kirk to redraw a narrower boundary around its national church status within the bi-confessional British state.

Record linkage projects provide powerful opportunities to enrich cohort data with administrative and clinical information from national registries. The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) is a large population-based twin-family cohort with longitudinal data collection that has established multiple record linkage initiatives to expand research on genetic and environmental determinants of health, disease, behaviour, development, and fertility. In this article we summarize and discuss NTR record linkage projects. Clinical and pathology registries have provided essential data on chorionicity, reproductive history, neonatal thyroid function, and cancer diagnoses, facilitating studies on prenatal environment, disease heritability, and polygenic risk prediction for diseases. Linkage with health insurance data has enabled validation of medication use and health research. Collaborations with Statistics Netherlands allow linkage to nationwide population-based data via secure infrastructures such as Open Data Infrastructure for Social Science and Economic Innovations (ODISSEI), supporting genomewide association studies of, for example, healthcare expenditure. Finally, linkage to environmental exposure datasets has permitted exposomewide analyses of health and wellbeing. Together, these projects illustrate the feasibility, scientific value, and challenges of record linkage in the Dutch context, highlighting its role in advancing twin research, genetic epidemiology, and population health studies.

This article explores the wartime ministry of Maurice Peel (1873–1917), grandson of Sir Robert Peel, prime minister 1834–5 and 1841–6, and son of Arthur Peel, Speaker of the House of Commons 1884–95. Educated at Winchester and Oxford, Peel spent time at Oxford House, East London, followed by a long curacy at St Simon Zelotes in Bethnal Green. Appointed to St Paul’s Beckenham in 1909, he volunteered in 1914 as an army chaplain, writing a series of letters to his parishioners which form the substance of this article. He gained an MC in early 1915 and, after being wounded in battle, became vicar of St Editha’s Church, Tamworth. Returning to the front in 1917, he was awarded a bar to his MC. He died in battle while rescuing a wounded man. He was singled out by Siegfried Sassoon as a ‘byword for bravery’ and as the only chaplain who had been able ‘to come near to’ the ordinary soldier.

General Gordon’s death in Khartoum in January 1885 aroused in Britain a profound sense of loss and mourning. Celebrated by many as a heroic Christian soldier, martyr and saint, his memory rapidly gave rise to a nationwide cult. This article re-examines the last year in the life and immediate legacy of a man described as ‘the nearest approach to that one man, Christ Jesus, of any man that ever lived’. It argues that Gordon’s death, portrayed through the imagery of the Passion of Christ, was imbued by many commentators in the churches and the army with a messianic significance. Gordon, in this portrayal, was not simply a heroic exemplar, but an atonement for the sins of his country and a catalyst for Britain’s spiritual re-awakening. As one religious journal put it: ‘Gordon, so powerless to work out his will in life, had conquered in death’.

Recent scholarship has directed attention to how racial discourse, and colorblind racism in particular, influences urban redevelopment in U.S. cities. This study employs a theory of strategic racialization to better understand how developers use race-related discourse to seek public support for their projects and how community members respond. Focusing on a series of public meetings regarding three competing proposals to build a casino in the city of Chicago, we find that racial meanings and categories played a central role in efforts by developers and community members to characterize, support, and challenge the casino project. Comparing public interactions across three different communities, we argue that developers deployed a shifting array of discursive strategies—territorial ascription, multiculturalism, colorblind racialization, and a more novel variety of racial equity claims—to mobilize the unique geographic and organizational characteristics of their proposed projects as assurances of racial equity. We identify three distinct discourses that organized the racial equity claims of developers and community members: Black-led capitalism, racially representative capitalism, and spatially connective capitalism. We conclude that while community members actively contested developers’ claims and called for greater specificity concerning beneficiaries, they did not challenge the capitalist logic that merely redistributing the benefits of development among owners and workers—however racialized—could bring about racial equity.

The armed Mongols in the frescoes of Padua’s Oratory of San Giorgio by Altichiero remain misunderstood despite several scholarly studies. Beginning with the investigation of contemporary Chinese visual materials, a Persian manuscript, and western and non-western knights’ armour, this article analyses how Altichiero represented Mongolian armour and physiognomy. Their appearance in a Franciscan church supported by a family of knights suggests potential religious and political meanings. This article also explores how their political propaganda was visualized in this chapel by considering the military and political context of fourteenth-century Padua.

India’s Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP), under the Integrated Child Development Services, provides a Morning Snack and a Hot Cooked Meal to children aged 36–72 months through Anganwadis (day-care centres). This study assessed these meals against SNP standards (2012) and age-specific ICMR recommendations, when standards were unavailable, and explored the use of linear programming (LP) to improve nutrient quality of SNP meals. A cross-sectional survey documented the SNP-meals, ingredients, serving portions and other details, using questionnaires administered to Anganwadi workers and programme officials from purposively selected Anganwadis across 27 States and Union Territories. Nutrient composition was estimated using standard food composition tables, and State-specific food lists and retail prices were incorporated into the LP framework to identify foods that could improve nutrient content of SNP meals. Energy standards were met in 56% of States, while 22% fell more than 20% below recommendations. Protein standards were achieved in 74% of States; however, declined to 52% after adjusting for digestibility. Only 22% of States met the ICMR-based fat requirement. Zinc, iron and folate were largely met, whereas calcium and vitamins A, B6 and B12 were below recommendations in more than half the States. Meals were predominantly cereal-based with limited inclusion of nutrient-dense foods. LP identified foods that reduced nutrient gaps, although many improvements exceeded the per-child cost allocation. Overall, meals showed wide variability, with persistent gaps in fat and key micronutrients. LP provides a structured approach to enhance nutrient provision within the programme setting, although meeting all nutrient targets may require adjustments to cost and procurement strategies.

Although Turkey’s authoritarian turn is often interpreted as a reaction to the Gezi resistance of 2013, this article argues that its foundations were laid much earlier through the gradual accumulation of infrastructure and legal frameworks. Rather than emerging as a sudden response to dissent, Turkey’s networked authoritarianism must be understood as the outcome of long-term infrastructural decisions that have extended through successive waves of privatization, legal control, and market consolidation. Drawing on a cartographic ethnographic methodology, this article maps the entanglement of media ownership, regulatory centralization, and expert discourse, as reflected in the Internet Conferences of Turkey (INET-TR) conferences, to show how early quiescence and missed interventions enabled a gradual shift toward centralized control. Unlike fully nationalized Internet models, Turkey’s approach is hybrid and strategic: it maintains international connectivity and commercial integration while exercising tight control over domestic information flows through a combination of layered legal and technical instruments. This historical context complicates linear narratives of rupture and resistance, demonstrating that authoritarian consolidation in digital infrastructures is not only about state repression but also about infrastructural and institutional standardization of control.

Since the days of logical empiricism, quantitative theories of degrees of confirmation have commonly been built upon the calculus of (conditional) probabilities. This work proposes a generalized account of degrees of confirmation in which probabilities naturally arise as a special case. I argue that probabilities can often—but not always—be chosen by convention out of a large class of calculi to represent degrees of confirmation.

Let $H_g$ denote the 4-dimensional handlebody of genus g and $U_g$ its boundary. We show that for all $g \ge 0$ the map from $B\!\operatorname {\mathrm {Homeo}}(H_g)$ to $B\!\operatorname {\mathrm {Homeo}}(U_g)$ induced by restriction to the boundary admits a section.

Industrial development is rapidly altering ecosystems, with consequences for species that are culturally and ecologically important. Indigenous researchers with Swan River First Nation (SRFN) co-produced this research with Western scientists to examine how landscape change influences mammals within their traditional territory in the boreal foothills of Alberta (Canada). Community-identified concerns about declining mammal populations guided the study’s objectives, spatial focus and hypotheses and informed interpretation of the results. Using remote camera traps, we modelled species-specific responses to natural and anthropogenic landscape features. We applied generalized linear models to evaluate competing hypotheses for species occurrence–disturbance relationships. While some species–disturbance relationships matched community observations and patterns from neighbouring regions, others differed. Notably, and consistent with SRFN observations, moose (Alces alces) occurrence declined with increasing road and seismic line density, probably overriding positive effects of patch features. Integrating Indigenous knowledge with the study design and interpretation clarified potential mechanisms underlying declines and strengthened inference for management. These findings demonstrate the value of braiding Indigenous knowledge with ecological data to support conservation and management in rapidly changing landscapes.

This paper investigates the use of large Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs), also known as “Smart Skins,” to improve outdoor-to-indoor millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation, taking advantage of ventilation holes commonly found – or easily implemented – in European buildings. By using a transmissive, focusing RIS, the signal can be concentrated and routed through the opening, enhancing signal penetration into the indoor space even in modern, highly insulated buildings that particularly hinder signal penetration. Using Ray Tracing simulations, we compare scenarios with and without RIS at 29 GHz, demonstrating significant indoor signal coverage improvements in the first case. The study highlights the use of RIS – or Smart-Skins – as a cost-effective solution to address the challenges of mmWave propagation in modern building designs.