Panic disorder, characterised by sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety, affects 1–4% of the population. Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, chest pain and fear of dying. Panic disorder often co-occurs with substance dependence and major depression. This review article examines pharmacological treatments, focusing on antidepressants and benzodiazepines, but also considering antipsychotics and anticonvulsants. It overviews the history of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in the treatment of panic disorder and their mechanisms of action. The results of a recent Cochrane Review network meta-analysis are then presented and contrasted with six current national and international treatment guidelines. Rankings of the various drugs in terms of efficacy, tolerability and safety are summarised, along with levels of evidence and lines of recommendation as a treatment option (first-, second or third-line, or reserved for treatment-resistant cases).

From the near-Earth solar wind to the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters, collisionless, high-beta, magnetized plasmas pervade our universe. Energy and momentum transport from large-scale fields and flows to small-scale motions of plasma particles is ubiquitous in these systems, but a full picture of the underlying physical mechanisms remains elusive. The transfer is often mediated by a turbulent cascade of Alfvénic fluctuations as well as a variety of kinetic instabilities; these processes tend to be multi-scale and/or multi-dimensional, which makes them difficult to study using spacecraft missions and numerical simulations alone. Meanwhile, existing laboratory devices struggle to produce the collisionless, high ion beta ($\beta _i \gtrsim 1$), magnetized plasmas across the range of scales necessary to address these problems. As envisioned in recent community planning documents, it is therefore important to build a next generation laboratory facility to create a $\beta _i \gtrsim 1$, collisionless, magnetized plasma in the laboratory for the first time. A working group has been formed and is actively defining the necessary technical requirements to move the facility towards a construction-ready state. Recent progress includes the development of target parameters and diagnostic requirements as well as the identification of a need for source-target device geometry. As the working group is already leading to new synergies across the community, we anticipate a broad community of users funded by a variety of federal agencies (including National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Energy and National Science Foundation) to make copious use of the future facility.

For shallow ponds to be contenders for the venue of the emergence of life on Earth, they would have had to provide sufficient protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation to allow for the preservation of organic molecules. Shallow ponds of a variety of compositions are proposed for early Earth, many of which may have provided ample shielding effects by attenuating UV light via absorption by (in)organic ions. Here, we present an experimental setup designed to simulate an irradiated water column to investigate the preservation/degradation of organic molecules and by proxy the attenuation of UV radiation in ponds of diverse compositions. In this setup, we dissolved glycine in ultrapure water, ferrocyanide and carbonate pond simulants and irradiated for several days. Our findings indicate that glycine’s photochemical degradation under UV irradiation is minimal in the carbonate pond, though significant in the ferrocyanide pond and in ultrapure water, where it breaks down into diverse products including formamide, glycinamide, glycinmethylester and acetaldehyde. Though ferrocyanide is a potent UV absorber, our experiments show ferrocyanide ponds to be transiently UV-shielding environments due to the removal of ferrocyanide by UV-induced precipitation of goethite and pyrite mineral assemblages and subsequent photodegradation of glycine in the cleared water column. Our results further suggest that hypersaline, carbonate ponds may present stable environments for prebiotic chemistry while providing ample UV attenuation, ultimately protecting the integrity of organic molecules. This work contributes to understanding the interplay between UV irradiation and (in)organic compounds in ponds and the suitability of those ponds for the onset of prebiotic chemistry on Earth, Mars and other celestial bodies.

Why do some politicians face greater backlash for using insensitive language against identity groups while others do not? Existing explanations focus either on the content of speech or the context in which it occurs. In this article, we propose an integrated framework that considers both and test it using a preregistered conjoint survey on a national U.S. sample. Our findings provide partial support for our expectations. Subjects react most negatively to insensitive speech when the target belongs to their own identity group, when aggravating circumstances exist, and when politicians are of an opposing political party. Our article extends growing scholarship on speech scandals, which has largely explained the fates of politicians as a function of a small number of causative variables in isolation.

There are limited data on chiropractic care for older adults, specifically from medically underserved communities. This study describes the characteristics, clinical management, and patient-reported outcomes of older adults with spinal pain who present for chiropractic care at a publicly funded community health centre serving marginalized populations. This retrospective analysis utilized quality assurance data from chiropractic encounters at Mount Carmel Clinic between January 2011 and June 2020 of adults aged 45 and older. Descriptive statistics summarized the study population and their self-reported pain severity scores. Student’s t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA explored relationships between pain outcomes, age, and clinical characteristics. The sample included 240 middle-aged (45–59 years) and older adults (≥60 years) who recorded baseline and discharge pain scores following chiropractic treatment. Over half of middle-aged participants self-identified as Indigenous or as people with disabilities. Statistically and clinically important improvements in pain were noted across spinal regions and extremities for both cohorts.

The classical satisfiability problem (SAT) is used as a natural and general tool to express and solve combinatorial problems that are in NP. We postulate that provability for implicational intuitionistic propositional logic (IIPC) can serve as a similar natural tool to express problems in Pspace. We demonstrate it by proving two essential results concerning the system. One is a natural reduction from full IPC (with all connectives) to implicational formulas of order three. Another result is a convenient interpretation in terms of simple alternating automata. Additionally, we distinguish some natural subclasses of IIPC corresponding to the complexity classes NP and co-NP.

This paper investigates the nature of financial market fluctuations by empirically testing three competing models of instability. We contrast a linear state-space model and a nonlinear Markov-switching model – both rooted in heterogeneous behavioral heuristics and capable of generating endogenous dynamics – with a benchmark linear random walk model that assumes exogenous shocks. Using monthly S&P 500 data from 1990 to 2019, we find strong evidence supporting endogenous sources of instability. In particular, models incorporating behavioral nonlinearities significantly outperform both the linear behavioral model and the random walk in short-, medium-, and long-term forecasting. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for heterogeneous expectations and regime-switching behavior in explaining asset price dynamics.

Achieving Zero Hunger by 2030, a United Nations Sustainable Development Goal, requires resilient food systems capable of securely feeding billions. This article introduces the Food Systems Resilience Score (FSRS), a novel framework that adapts a proven resilience measurement approach to the context of food systems. The FSRS builds on the success of the Community Flood Resilience Measurement Tool, which has been used in over 110 communities, by applying its five capitals (natural, human, social, financial, and manufactured) and four qualities (robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity) framework to food systems. We define food system resilience as the capacity to ensure adequate, appropriate, and accessible food supply to all, despite various disturbances and unforeseen disruptions. The FSRS measures resilience across multiple dimensions using carefully selected existing indicators, ensuring broad applicability and comparability. Our methodology includes rigorous technical validation to ensure reliability, including optimal coverage analysis, stability checks, and sensitivity testing. By providing standardized metrics and a comprehensive assessment of food system resilience, this framework not only advances research but also equips policymakers with valuable tools for effective interventions. The FSRS enables comparative analysis between countries and temporal tracking of resilience changes, facilitating targeted strategies to build and maintain resilient national food systems. This work contributes to the global effort toward long-term food security and sustainability.

The emergence of ChatGPT as a leading artificial intelligence language model developed by OpenAI has sparked substantial interest in the field of applied linguistics, due to its extraordinary capabilities in natural language processing. Research on its use in service of language learning and teaching is on the horizon and is anticipated to grow rapidly. In this review article, we purport to capture its nascency, drawing on a literature corpus of 71 papers of a variety of genres – empirical studies, reviews, position papers, and commentaries. Our narrative review takes stock of current research on ChatGPT’s application in foreign language learning and teaching, uncovers both conceptual and methodological gaps, and identifies directions for future research.

If life ever existed on Mars, it may have developed survival strategies similar to those adopted by extremophiles living in terrestrial Martian analogs, such as the cryptoendolithic communities found in the rocky substrates of the McMurdo Dry Valleys or other ice-free areas of continental Antarctica. Nearly thirty years of research on these super-adapted organisms laid the foundation for the CRYPTOMARS project, which aims to disclose the genomic and phenotypic features allowing these microbial communities to withstand specific physico-chemical stresses that may be encountered on the Red Planet. This information will provide tools to outline, in terms of diversity and competences, a putative microbial community able to survive, adapt or even perpetuate under early or present Martian conditions. The project and the background information are here presented.

The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) was the largest early Cenozoic hyperthermal event, one of a series of carbon cycle and climate perturbations marked by massive releases of carbon into the atmosphere and spikes in global temperature. Previous studies have documented major changes in the composition of terrestrial plant and animal communities during the PETM, as well as changes in arthropod herbivory. Here, we examine possible changes in pollination mode during the PETM in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA, as inferred from three lines of evidence: (1) the prevalence of fossil pollen preserved as clumps, (2) the pollination mode of nearest living relatives (NLR), and (3) angiosperm pollen morphological diversity. These suggest animal pollination became more common and wind pollination less common during the PETM. The decrease in wind pollination during the PETM reflects the basin-scale extirpation of wind-pollinated lineages and their replacement by dominantly animal-pollinated lineages concomitant with rapid warming and drying. The hotter and seasonally drier climates not only facilitated the northward range shift of plant taxa, but likely their insect and/or vertebrate pollinators as well. The dramatic floral changes during the PETM in the Bighorn Basin may also have changed available resources for insect and/or vertebrate pollinators.

Iron silicides, including hapkeite (Fe2Si), are rare minerals found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. In this study, we present the discovery of trigonal Fe2Si in glass from the Blackville site, South Carolina, USA, in a discrete, deeply buried layer where it is associated with suessite and other impact-related materials. The site has been previously studied for its rich assemblage of Fe–Si spherules, platinum, iridium and nanodiamonds. Using advanced micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, we have characterised the crystal structure of trigonal Fe2Si, identifying it as a distinct phase from the cubic hapkeite. The high concentrations of V, Ti and P in trigonal Fe2Si and its co-occurrence with suessite suggest an impact-related origin or a lightning strike. Anthropogenic processes, although unlikely, cannot yet be completely ruled out. While this compound represents a new polymorph of Fe2Si, we refrain at this time from proposing it as a new mineral species to the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) because of remaining uncertainties about its formation. Further research is needed to determine whether this trigonal Fe2Si was produced by natural processes or by anthropogenesis.

The envelope model has gained significant attention since its proposal, offering a fresh perspective on dimension reduction in multivariate regression models and improving estimation efficiency. One of its appealing features is its adaptability to diverse regression contexts. This article introduces the integration of envelope methods into the factor analysis model. In contrast to previous research primarily focused on the frequentist approach, the study proposes a Bayesian approach for estimation and envelope dimension selection. A Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampling algorithm is developed to draw posterior samples for Bayesian inference. A simulation study is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Additionally, the proposed methodology is applied to the ADNI dataset to explore the relationship between cognitive decline and the changes occurring in various brain regions. This empirical application further highlights the practical utility of the proposed model in real-world scenarios.

In this article, we study the algebra of Veronese type. We show that the presentation ideal of this algebra has an initial ideal whose Alexander dual has linear quotients. As an application, we explicitly obtain the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the Veronese type algebra. Furthermore, we give an effective upper bound on the multiplicity of this algebra.

The second Trump Administration, in office since January 2025, has disrupted the prevailing trade consensus. The corner stone of the new US trade policy is the re-introduction of old-style tariffs at substantial levels to create a so-called ‘tariff wall’ turning away from long-standing practices of tariff liberalization. According to the US Administration, the tariffs pursue multiple objectives. They incentivize re-industrialization, generate revenue, and lower trade deficits with many trading partners. The imposition of new tariffs is coupled with the pursuit of bilateral deals to extract business-type concessions from governments and to encourage investments into the US.