Many believe that relationships can make a constitutive difference to the moral status of paternalistic treatment. For example, it is often assumed that it’s easier to justify paternalizing a spouse than a stranger. But although this thought is widespread, there exists no detailed account of how relationships could mitigate paternalistic complaints. The aim of this paper is to develop an account of this phenomenon, drawing on the work of Margaret Gilbert and the notion of joint commitments. According to the resulting view, close relations can constitutively mitigate paternalistic complaints by rendering paternalistic interference consistent with the will of the paternalized agent.

Studying exoplanetary atmospheres offers critical insights into chemical compositions, temperature profiles, cloud formations and atmospheric dynamics. Carbon monoxide (CO), an important molecule in biology and astronomy, exhibits distinct spectral features and could be considered a potential biosignature. This work compares the spectral bands of gases emitted by Roseovarius sp. (obtained from the Atacama desert) and theoretical model atmospheres simulating early Earth analogs. We obtained Raman and infrared spectra of the bacteria. Theoretical model atmospheres of early Earth analogs were generated for comparative spectral analysis. The spectra of Roseovarius sp. revealed distinct vibrational modes, including CO at 5.01 $\mu $m (1996 cm−1) which is considered in the context of other biogenic gases in the metabolism of Roseovarius sp. Ultracool dwarf stars, especially those of spectral type M7 and later, are prime targets for observing habitable exoplanets due to their small radii. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and extremely large telescopes (ELTs) will enable the spectroscopic characterization of Earth-like planets orbiting M-dwarfs. Future studies using the JWST sensitivity models PandExo could estimate the number of transits needed to detect CO/CO2 in rocky exoplanet atmospheres, enhancing our understanding of CO detectability.

“The body” became wildly popular in the social sciences and humanities at the end of the twentieth century. The concept anchored hundreds of scholarly articles and books, across a range of disciplines. The present article offers a new answer as to how and why “the body” experienced this meteoric late-century rise. Scholars set out to address a long-running problem in European and American thought: the mind–body problem. To a person, researchers suddenly rejected any sharp delineation between these realms. While warnings against dualism motivated many projects on the body, it only explains the initial rush to this idea. To understand the corporeal turn of the late twentieth century we must attend to the soaring ambition of the body scholars to bridge all of the divisions of modern thought—subject/object, nature/culture, spirit/flesh—at the point of the body. This article analyzes key body books from the fields of theology, political philosophy, sociology, history, black studies, analytical philosophy, anthropology, and feminist philosophy. In the end, it sounds a note of criticism that the corporeal turn rested on a fantasy of control and controllability of flesh.

This article traces the union career of Abdoulaye Diallo, born in French West Africa in 1917, from the united World Federation of Trade Unions’ (WFTU) 1947 Pan-African Trade Union Conference in Dakar to the founding of the Union Générale des Travailleurs d’Afrique Noire (UGTAN) in 1957. The Dakar conference was a turning point: African delegates, including Diallo, compelled the WFTU to address colonial labour exploitation, thereby unsettling representatives of empire. Following the 1949 split, the WFTU increasingly amplified and promoted leaders from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and Diallo was appointed vice-president. Our analysis of Diallo’s publications reveals his fierce anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism. It also shows how, following the split, the WFTU provided a platform for Africans to express their anti-colonial views to a wider audience through newspapers and WFTU publications. His interventions at meetings of the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in the early 1950s exposed forced labour and repression to representatives of international organizations while offering unwavering, uncritical support for the Soviet Union. At the WFTU’s Third World Congress in Vienna (1953), Diallo stood out as the leading African delegate, urging workers to organize for liberation. Regionally, he mobilized Francophone West African workers against wage discrimination and colonial coercion, navigating tensions between communist internationalism and emerging nationalist priorities. This study reimagines the WFTU as an anti-colonial arena, shaped by African agency during the early Cold War period.

Planting green (PG), the practice of planting the cash crop into a living cover crop (CC), offers opportunities to maximize CC biomass and weed suppression. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) termination timing and herbicide programs under PG management on cereal rye biomass, Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) suppression and seed production, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, and economic returns. Field experiments were conducted during 2023 to 2025 under irrigated conditions in south-central Nebraska. The study used a split-plot design, a no–cover crop (NCC) and five cereal rye CC termination timings (at planting, emergence, V1, V2, and V3 corn growth stages) as the main plot factor and four herbicide programs (nontreated, preemergence-only, postemergence-only, and preemergence followed by postemergence [PP]) herbicide as subplot factors. Delaying cereal rye termination from corn planting up to V3 corn growth stage increased cereal rye biomass from 5,992 to 10,888 kg ha−1 in 2024 and from 2,941 to 7,007 kg ha−1 in 2025. Cereal rye terminated at V2 or V3 corn growth stage reduced A. palmeri density, biomass, and seed production by >99% compared with the NCC. Following high biomass conditions, cereal rye provided comparable A. palmeri suppression to herbicide-based programs, and the additional herbicide use offered limited benefit. In contrast, following low-cereal rye biomass conditions (<6,000 kg ha−1), herbicide inclusion remained essential to achieve effective A. palmeri control and minimizing seed production. Corn yield was not affected by delayed cereal rye termination (ranging from 13,110 to 15,660 kg ha−1). Economic analysis indicated that integrating cereal rye CC with reduced herbicide programs (preemergence-only or postemergence-only) maintained profitability ($2,064 to $2,364 ha−1) comparable to the NCC system with PP herbicide program ($2,353 to $2,401 ha−1).

Current research conceptualizes the gender performance of populist leaders in terms of toxic hypermasculinity expressed through their sexist, misogynist, and transphobic rhetoric. This article challenges and complicates this perspective. As hegemonic masculinities, which formerly gained their power through their invisibility, are increasingly contested, they engage in a strategic hybridization by borrowing aesthetic elements from marginalized identities. In contrast to the established hypermasculinity thesis, we contend that right-wing populists, exemplified by Donald Trump, incorporate queer elements in their embodied gender performances. Trump’s masculinity appropriates the subversive spirit of queerness. It conveys reactionary content through rebellious aesthetics, which results in fake subversion. By drawing together insights from populist research with masculinities studies and queer theory, the article makes sense of (1) why Trump employs queer aesthetics, (2) why his followers appreciate his queer performance, (3) why the queer dimension of his masculinity goes unnoticed, and (4) what new light the case of Trump’s queerness sheds on the concept of hybrid masculinities.

As a direct consequence of liquid kerosene injection, aeroengine combustors may be categorized as non-premixed combustion systems, characterized by a swirl-stabilized and highly complex flow field. In addition to the flow of air through the fuel injector, there are a large number of other features through which the oxidizer can enter the heat release region. These can have an impact on local fuel–air mixing, inducing strong spatial and temporal variations in stoichiometry, thereby affecting emissions and combustion system performance. This article discusses a novel statistical methodology, based on principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering, that aims to improve the understanding of fuel–air mixing in realistic aeroengine combustors. The method is applied in a post-processing step to data sampled from a large-eddy simulation, where every chamber inflow has been tagged with a unique passive scalar, which allows it to be traced across space and time. PCA is used to construct a low-dimensional, visually interpretable representation of a spatially localized fuel–air mixing process, while K-means clustering is employed to produce an unsupervised discretization of the flow field into regions of similar fuel–air mixing characteristics. The proposed methodology is computationally inexpensive, and the easily interpretable outputs can help the combustion engineer make better-informed decisions about combustor design.

Two-fluid simulations using local Landau-fluid closures derived from linear theory provide an efficient computational framework for plasma modelling, since they bridge the gap between computationally intensive kinetic simulations and fluid descriptions. Their accuracy in representing kinetic effects depends critically on the validity of the linear approximation used in the derivation: the plasma should not be too far from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). However, many of the problems where these models are of particular interest (such as plasma turbulence and instabilities) are in fact quite far from LTE. The question then arises as to whether kinetic-scale processes are still sufficiently well captured outside of the theoretical regime of applicability of the closure. In this paper, we show that two-fluid simulations with Landau-fluid closures can effectively reproduce the energy spectra obtained with fully kinetic Vlasov simulations, used as references, as long as the local closure parameter is appropriately chosen. Our findings validate the usage of two-fluid simulations with a Landau-fluid closure as a possible alternative to fully kinetic simulations of turbulence, in cases where being able to simulate extremely large domains is of particular interest.

This article explores how informal medicine sellers (IMSs) in Mexico City “contest” and “reassemble” antibiotic control standards in ways that both challenge and respond to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) governance. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, we examine the “rationales”—moral, political, economic, technoscientific, and practical—that IMSs invoke to justify bypassing antibiotic prescription, dispensing and accounting regulations, and the “practical tinkering” they perform to make antibiotics available and “appropriately” used under conditions of scarcity and oversight failure. Rather than viewing IMSs as simply breaking official rules, we adopt a “social life of standards” perspective to argue that their actions reflect localized enactments of antibiotic control—versions shaped by community needs, corruption, poverty, and distrust in public health infrastructures. These practices are ambivalent, blurring boundaries between public service and profit and systemic subversion and informal regulation. By tracking how IMSs adapt, collectivize, and sometimes deliver treatments, we show how antibiotic governance is reworked from below—not only in response to AMR, but also to structural exclusions from formal care. We argue that rather than treating IMS rationales and practices as part of the problem, they should be studied as grounded responses to systemic failure—and potential sources of insight for context-sensitive regulatory design.

We present a new use of Answer Set Programming (ASP) to discover the molecular structure of chemical samples based on the relative abundance of elements and structural fragments, as measured in mass spectrometry. To constrain the exponential search space for this combinatorial problem, we develop canonical representations of molecular structures and an ASP implementation that uses these definitions. We evaluate the correctness of our implementation over a large set of known molecular structures, and we compare its quality and performance to other ASP symmetry-breaking methods and to a commercial tool from analytical chemistry.

This article examines the V3 particle så in Fenno-Swedish, where the particle can follow both initial arguments and adjuncts in root clauses. In Mainland Scandinavian, this distribution is rather strictly limited to the latter context. The starting point is that the V3-pattern-triggering så is the ‘general adverbial resumptive’ in copy-left dislocation. In copy-left dislocation, an agreeing resumptive item causes a similar V3 pattern, where the adverbial spell-outs of the resumptive are partially interchangeable with så. Three hypotheses are considered. Firstly, så may have become fully generalised resumptive being interchangeable with all spell-outs. Secondly, the distribution could include all initial elements, also wh-phrases and negation markers, that are not pure operators. Finally, the paper suggests that the phenomenon is partially prosodic, and så satisfies a preference of having an anacrusis in the prosodic constituent including the finite verb.

This article rethinks how colonial presence and foreign settlements reconfigured urban spaces beyond the treaty-port system by examining Chengdu, an inland, non-treaty-port city. Focusing on the 1930 boundary-wall controversy at West China Union University, a missionary college, it shows that anti-imperialism was refracted through local expectations of access to space and how everyday spatial practices had blurred the line between foreign enclave and local community. In the absence of colonial infrastructures, WCUU pursued indigenizing strategies to embed themselves in urban life; its later move to enclose the campus with walls was criticized as imperialist encroachment. Occurring amid heightened nationalism, the controversy drew force both from nationalist idioms and from ordinary residents’ everyday grievances—economic strain, insecurity, and disruptions to daily routines—in a notably turbulent interwar Chengdu. The conflict brought to the fore two visions of Chengdu’s urban identity: one championed by Western-educated local elites and another articulated by local people defending what they understood as public space. Moreover, I demonstrate how missionary institutions in less overtly colonial settings grappled with the contradictions inherent in their liminal status—simultaneously functioning as colonial enclaves and aspiring to integrate into local society.

We explore international reserve accumulation in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs), rationalizing policymakers’ belief that it counteracts the negative effects of capital inflows. Empirical evidence reveals that EMEs accumulate reserves in response to capital inflows driven by global push factors, especially when there are limitations on residents’ investments abroad. We elucidate these findings with a three-period model of a small open economy. In the first period, a large direct investment inflow occurs, prompting an EME to save abroad for consumption smoothing. If frictions hinder private overseas investments, the government can accumulate reserves to supplement insufficient private outflows. The theory highlights the role of reserves in managing capital inflows, as substantiated by our empirical findings.