There is a difference between doing something that is wrong and wronging someone in particular. Texting while driving is wrong; injuring a pedestrian because you were texting while driving is a wrong against that particular pedestrian. It has been common to think that wrongs just are violations of the wronged party’s rights, but recent arguments suggest otherwise: there can also be wrongs without rights violations. Supposing these arguments are correct, what is it to wrong someone?

Cet article présente les diverses configurations de crédit offertes par les magasins à rayons canadiens au cours du 20e siècle, en s’attardant au développement du crédit variable dans la période de l’après-guerre. Il démontre que les diverses formes de « comptes budgétaires » identifiées dans la littérature américaine étaient aussi offertes au Québec, en s’appuyant sur deux corpus d’archives. Il argue aussi que les transformations apportées au compte courant pour le rendre similaire à la vente à tempérament ont servi à transformer un contrat basé sur une relation humaine en contrat d’adhésion. Il fait ainsi une double contribution à la littérature : enrichissant d’une part les discussions théoriques des juristes sur le contrat d’adhésion de réflexions pertinentes tirées de la littérature sociologique sur le crédit à la consommation, et contribuant d’autre part à la littérature historique « fragmentée » sur le crédit à la consommation dans le siècle dernier.

Polarization has become the master concept for diagnosing contemporary democratic crises. The notion denotes three features: symmetry between parties, politics as an opinion space where positions diverge, and mutual repulsion between opposing camps. Yet none of these capture current realities. Across democracies, the central dynamic is not two poles drifting apart but the transformation of the political right into authoritarianism, norm breaking, and openness to political violence. Social democratic and center-right parties tend to respond in the opposite way from what “polarization” implies: by accommodating rightward. Attempts to salvage the polarization frame with modifiers (“asymmetric,” “affective,” “sectarian,” “pernicious”) concede these realities but risk hollowing out the concept’s definitional core. These limitations reveal a deeper misdiagnosis: when one party turns antidemocratic and illiberal, incivility and conflict are inevitable—but they are symptoms, not the root problem. Misdiagnosing them as the central issue leads to viewing civility and compromise as remedies, thereby risking the legitimation of authoritarian actors. This article proposes an alternative lens: the radicalization of the political right. Developed in the study of extremism, the radicalization framework better captures asymmetric change, identity-driven politics, and the mainstreaming of illiberalism. It foregrounds identity fusion, threat narratives, elite entrepreneurship, and escalation. Concepts are never politically innocent and persisting with “polarization” risks both misdiagnosing and normalizing authoritarian threats.

Through the example of Romania’s divergence from Soviet refugee policy in the case of the 1971 East Pakistani refugees, this article suggests that great powers face barriers to persuading even weaker states within their orbits of influence to acquiesce on issues of refugee politics. Responses to refugees touch sensitive state concerns about sovereignty. Aiding refugees can be an implicit condemnation of the state from which refugees flee. States that want to avoid the microscope of international opinion looking inside their own domestic human rights contexts will be hesitant to scrutinize another state, even in the context of a great power proxy conflict. As Romania sought to leverage favorable economic agreements, including with Pakistan and India, its position on the East Pakistani refugees reflected a hinge approach that attempted to balance political and economic relationships on both sides of the conflict. Small states use diplomatic entrepreneurship to work between larger powers as they pursue their own strategic goals. This article uses archival, diplomatic documents from Bucharest, some of which had never been accessed prior to this research. The article contributes a small state’s perspective based on diplomatic correspondence by its own officials and in its own language.

This article considers Hensley Henson’s advocacy of disestablishment following the Prayer Book defeat of 1927–8 as more than a rash reaction to events, one that he continued to work out well into the 1930s in response to domestic and international challenges to the Church, in addition to initiatives within the Church itself. Using his extensive journal and correspondence, as well as his published writings, it seeks an enhanced understanding not only of his views regarding ‘spiritual independence’ but of the wider debate in the Church – both among clergy and laity – and Free Churches, of which they were an integral part.

This paper examines how Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) function as self-governing institutions for managing Internet address resources and what episodes of stress reveal about the resilience and vulnerabilities of this system. Our analysis offers an institutional assessment of the RIR system and evaluates how it has responded to scarcity, technological change, and market pressures. We argue that the RIR model endures because its rules reflect Ostromian principles, including clearly defined boundaries, community participation, and credible monitoring, that sustain cooperation. Using these principles as normative benchmarks, we identify pathways for reform that preserve the RIRs’ decentralized, member-driven governance institutions while strengthening transparency, adaptability, and cross-regional resilience.

This paper offers four principles for a contemporary Anglican theology of religions that is decolonial by looking at theologians beyond the West for inspiration. At the same time, it bases its claims for its Anglican traditionalism by showing the continuity of these ideas in an older lineage of Anglican theology on religious diversity, incarnationalism and social theology. The four principles are as follows: a polydox approach to theology; a liberation-based interreligious solidarity; an openness to learning new directions in theology from Spirit-Sophia; and an incarnational emphasis on lived and embodied experiences and practices. The paper starts by looking at the history of Anglican incarnational theology, it then explores how theologies of religious diversity have developed from the nineteenth through the twentieth century, next it explicitly links incarnation, diversity and social justice, and a final section develops the four principles in a global and ecumenical conversation.

We relate the expected hyperbolic length of the perimeter of the convex hull of the trajectory of Brownian motion in the hyperbolic plane to an expectation of a certain exponential functional of a one-dimensional real-valued Brownian motion, and hence derive small- and large-time asymptotics for the expected hyperbolic perimeter. In contrast to the case of Euclidean Brownian motion with non-zero drift, the large-time asymptotics are a factor of two greater than the lower bound implied by the fact that the convex hull includes the hyperbolic line segment from the origin to the endpoint of the hyperbolic Brownian motion. We also obtain an exact expression for the expected perimeter length after an independent exponential random time.

Michael Otsuka, Alex Voorhoeve and Marc Fleurbaey have proposed competing claims egalitarianism and hybrid egalitarianism in their attempts to justify giving priority to the worse off, especially in cases involving risk. However, neither view adequately explains why it matters that some are worse off than others. And combining these accounts within a broader egalitarian theory or modular principle is problematic. I sketch an alternative version of egalitarianism and compare it with competing claims egalitarianism, hybrid egalitarianism and restricted prioritarianism.

We develop a continuous-time stochastic model for optimal cybersecurity investment under the threat of cyberattacks. The arrival of attacks is modeled using a Hawkes process, capturing the empirically relevant feature of clustering in cyberattacks. Extending the Gordon–Loeb model, each attack may result in a breach, with breach probability depending on the system’s vulnerability. We aim at determining the optimal cybersecurity investment to reduce vulnerability. The problem is cast as a two-dimensional Markovian stochastic optimal control problem and solved using dynamic programming methods. Numerical results illustrate how accounting for attack clustering leads to more responsive and effective investment policies, offering significant improvements over static and Poisson-based benchmark strategies. Our findings underscore the value of incorporating realistic threat dynamics into cybersecurity risk management.

Let p be a prime number. We consider diagonal p-permutation functors over a (commutative, unital) ring $\mathsf {R}$ in which all prime numbers different from p are invertible. We first determine the finite groups G for which the associated essential algebra $\mathcal {E}_{\mathsf {R}}(G)$ is non-zero: These are groups of the form $G=L\langle u\rangle $, where $(L,u)$ is a $D^\Delta $-pair. When $\mathsf {R}$ is an algebraically closed field $\mathbb {F}$ of characteristic 0 or p, this yields a parameterization of the simple diagonal p-permutation functors over $\mathbb {F}$ by triples $(L,u,W)$, where $(L,u)$ is a $D^\Delta $-pair, and W is a simple $\mathbb {F}\mathrm {Out}(L,u)$-module. Finally, we describe the evaluations of the simple functor $\mathsf {S}_{L,u,W}$ parameterized by the triple $(L,u,W)$. We show in particular that if G is a finite group and $\mathbb {F}$ has characteristic p, the dimension of $\mathsf {S}_{L,1,\mathbb {F}}(G)$ is equal to the number of conjugacy classes of p-regular elements of G with a defect group isomorphic to L.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of high-fidelity maritime simulators in improving seafarer training, focusing on navigation and emergency response skills. Using Kongsberg Polaris full-mission simulators, 98 participants (students, professionals and instructors) completed structured simulator exercises and were assessed using customised post-exercise questionnaires. Results indicate improved practical skills, with professionals reporting higher confidence and perceived control than students. Emotional engagement was also important: professionals showed more balanced responses, whereas students exhibited higher arousal and more variable perceptions of control. Instructors emphasised real-time feedback and scenario customisation as key to effective training. Limitations included challenges with certain manoeuvres, lack of integrated assessment tools and high simulator costs limiting wider adoption. The study concludes that high-fidelity simulators are valuable in maritime education, although further technological development and adaptation for less experienced trainees are needed.

Prior work has suggested that musical abilities are associated with second language (L2) learning at both segmental and prosodic levels: For example, musicians are better at encoding lexical tone or stress in an L2 than non-musicians are. However, it remains unclear how the weighting of distinct acoustic cues when producing L2 prosody may be supported by musical abilities. Our current study investigated two different sub-domains of music perception, melody and rhythm, and their link to the accurate production of English lexical stress by native Mandarin speakers, as measured by differences from native English speakers in duration, F0, and amplitude. Melody, but not rhythm perception (and controlling for other speech perception skills, including the perception of lexical stress), significantly contributed to the production of duration and was also marginally predictive of amplitude, but not F0 production. We argue that the weak or null effects of music perception on F0 production may be due to Mandarin speakers’ F0 sensitivity from their native language, which may complicate the mapping of auditory perception onto L2 speech production skills. Results suggest complex associations between music and language in learners’ use of specific acoustic cues in their production of L2 prosody.