Adam Smith famously coined the metaphor of the ‘invisible hand’ to describe a capitalist market that was driven by individual aspirations and promises for profits but produced, somehow miraculously, something resembling a common good. Although the image of the invisible hand appeared in a rather marginal and fleeting passage in The Wealth of Nations, it became a key metaphor in nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic language and thinking.1 Despite its alluring imaginary, the metaphor did not go uncontested. Rexford Tugwell, an economist who played a key role in designing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s agrarian New Deal in the 1930s and served as director of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, sarcastically wrote in 1935 that the image of the invisible hand provided nothing more than a rhetorical veil to conceal ‘the destructive forces of the unrestrained competition’ that had been wrongfully portrayed as the ‘Siamese twin’ of democracy. But now, Tugwell wrote, ‘the jig is up. The cat is out of the bag. There is no invisible hand. There never was. [. . .] We must now supply a real and visible guiding hand to do the task which that mythical, nonexistent, invisible agency was supposed to perform, but never did.’ In the eyes of Tugwell, social and economic planning were fundamentally important for increasing the visibility of the ‘guiding hand’. Tugwell regarded planning not as something that was detrimental to democracy but rather as something that prevented democracy from being ‘stifled by competition’.2 Already a few years earlier in 1932, Tugwell had delivered a paper at the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association in which he portrayed economic and social planning by government agencies as a necessary instrument to find a way out of the ‘disasters of recent years’ and associated the concept and the practice of planning with a ‘possible mastering of future history’.3

In the Doctrine of Virtue, Kant raises the ‘casuistical’ question of whether sexual intercourse is ethically permissible only if it serves the purpose of procreation, or whether it is also permissible when procreation is not possible, e.g. during pregnancy. It might seem that Kant is assuming a special permissive law that allows ‘unpurposive’ sexual intercourse to prevent greater vices. However, as I shall argue, Kant merely recites an argument that was widespread in the eighteenth century. As a closer analysis of Kant’s argument shows, he in fact regards sexual intercourse incapable of reproduction as ethically impermissible.

As Korean cultural genres circulate globally, they acquire local meanings that may travel back to Korea, generating additional connotations. Drawing upon semiotic theory from linguistic anthropology, this article examines the resemiotization of morpheme “K-”, tracing how it detached from a few lexical items to become a productive morpheme and index of Koreanness in global cultural production. K-’s entextualized iterations take on new meanings across contexts, disrupting straightforward notions of transnational circulation. Global circulation in turn shapes domestic usage, reflecting the iterative relationship between consumers and Korean industry. While terms like K-drama and K-beauty remain relatively stable, newer ones like K-culture and K-wave are more open to negotiation. Ethnographically following K- across online and offline spaces, this study argues the morpheme emerges as a domestic index of outward-facing possibility—a locally global orientation—underscoring language’s pivotal role in shaping and advancing Korea’s national brand.

This article examines the role of showcase festivals and music export organisations (MEOs) in shaping international music careers amid the digital era’s paradox of access and visibility. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in Europe, it explores how these institutions have become central, interdependent actors within a global music export ecosystem that promises opportunity yet often reproduces existing hierarchies. While MEOs provide support through funding, training, and networking, and showcase festivals offer exposure through curated programming, access remains uneven and shaped by structural inequalities. Despite these challenges, the ecosystem offers a relevant, if imperfect, framework for enabling mobility, professional development, and artistic circulation. Its value lies not in guaranteeing outcomes, but in offering a visible and adaptive platform through which careers can be imagined and pursued. By reassessing institutional norms and broadening support mechanisms, this evolving infrastructure holds the potential to promote more inclusive and sustainable pathways for international music development.

Prolog is a well-known declarative programming language commonly used in introductory courses on logic and reasoning. However, many students find Prolog challenging because it lacks the familiar debugging mechanisms found in imperative languages. In large classes, this difficulty is exacerbated by the challenge of providing timely and personalized feedback to students. In this work, we introduce ProDebug, the first tool to combine large language models (LLMs) with spectrum-based and mutation-based techniques for automated debugging of Prolog assignments. ProDebug automatically identifies faults and proposes bug repairs for student Git submissions. Faults are detected using three approaches – spectrum-based, mutation-based, and LLM reasoning – while repairs are generated using mutation-based techniques and LLMs. Our evaluation on 1499 buggy student submissions from a bachelor’s level programming class demonstrates the potential of automated, LLM-augmented feedback systems to scale support for declarative programming education.

This paper describes the normative profile of Kant’s ‘provisional property’ in the Doctrine of Right, by highlighting the contrast between a claim that merits the designation of ‘provisional property’ and a mere ‘pretended claim’. In contrast to a pretended claim, a claim of provisional property is duty-implying; moreover, the legitimating conditions of provisional property give it a robust justification, such that its duty-implying force does not rely on a wrong-tolerating permission. I will also argue that the proposed reconstruction does not harm Kant’s argument leading to the normative necessity of civil states.

Boreal forests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle as they are one of the largest terrestrial carbon sinks globally. In this study, we employ explainable machine learning (ML) techniques to investigate the influence of environmental and vegetation variables on net ecosystem exchange (NEE), focusing specifically on the effects of diffuse radiation. We utilize a sub-hourly resolution data set including satellite and in-situ observations from three boreal or hemiboreal forest research stations across the latitudes 58–68° N to capture latitudinal variability in forest carbon uptake. Using SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) values, we identify key drivers influencing NEE and quantify their importance across various ML model architectures. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), diffuse radiation, normalized difference vegetation index, and soil temperature were identified as the variables having the largest explanatory power for NEE across the ML models. ML models using only these variables result in $ {R}^2\approx 0.8 $ and RMSE$ \approx 2.3 $ $ \mu \mathrm{mol}\;{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\hskip0.1em {\mathrm{s}}^{-1} $. Further analysis of SHAP values indicates that higher diffuse radiation (DiffPAR) is associated with more negative NEE (stronger carbon sink). SHAP analysis highlights this effect much more clearly than raw DiffPAR measurements, because it accounts for interactions with other environmental factors. This suggests that the diffuse radiation effect emerges from interactions between DiffPAR and co-varying environmental factors (such as cloudiness and total PAR). Cases identified by SHAP ($ \mathrm{DiffPAR}\ \mathrm{SHAP}<-2 $) have a median NEE $ 1.55\mu \mathrm{mol},{\mathrm{m}}^{-2},{\mathrm{s}}^{-1} $ more negative than cases with raw $ \mathrm{DiffPAR}\ge 400 $. When applied to ML models, SHAP uncovers nonlinear, context-dependent interactions between diffuse radiation and other drivers of NEE without assuming a priori relationships.

In this paper, we study the appearance of a spanning subdivision of a clique in graphs satisfying certain pseudorandom conditions. Specifically, we show the following results.

1. (i) There are constants $C\gt 0$ and $c\in (0,1]$ such that, whenever $d/\lambda \ge C$, every $(n,d,\lambda )$-graph contains a spanning subdivision of $K_t$ for all $2\le t \le \min \{cd,c\sqrt {\frac {n}{\log n}}\}$.

2. (ii) There are constants $C\gt 0$ and $c\in (0,1]$ such that, whenever $d/\lambda \ge C\log ^3n$, every $(n,d,\lambda )$-graph contains a spanning nearly balanced subdivision of $K_t$ for all $2\le t \le \min \{cd,c\sqrt {\frac {n}{\log ^3n}}\}$.

3. (iii) For every $\mu \gt 0$, there are constants $c,\varepsilon \in (0,1]$ and $n_0\in \mathbb N$ such that, whenever $n\ge n_0$, every $n$-vertex graph with minimum degree at least $\mu n$ and no bipartite holes of size $\varepsilon n$ contains a spanning nearly balanced subdivision of $K_t$ for all $2\le t \le c\sqrt {n}$.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) most clearly relates to internalizing disorders. But a weak behavioural inhibition system (BIS as defined by RST) could underlie externalising, in general, and psychopathy in particular (Fowles, 1980). Conventional “rationally derived” RST scales (rRST) are not anchored in neurally defined RST systems (nRST). So, here, we use both rRST and nRST measures to assess psychopathy traits. We operationalised psychopathy via a four-factor model (affective | interpersonal | disinhibition | boldness). We operationalised rRST via the Heym, Ferguson & Lawrence (2008) updated version of Carver and White’s (1994) BIS/BAS scales (BAS | BIS | FFFS). We operationalised nRST (goal inhibition system, GIS; goal repulsion system, GRS) via previously validated (Shadli et al., 2021) rhythmic power in the stop signal task (SST) and (goal approach system, GAS) via previously validated ERPs in the doors task. Initial bivariate correlations of psychopathy factors with rRST scales were as expected. We found no significant associations between psychopathy factors and nRST measures. A series of post hoc exploratory repeated measures ANOVAs guarded against non-linearity between psychopathy and nRST constructs. These found that: (1) Disinhibition traits might be explained (unexpectedly) by increased sensitivity in the GIS (i.e., conflict) and GRS (i.e., repulsion) and decreased sensitivity in the GAS (i.e., attraction). (2) Affective traits might be explained, as expected, by decreased sensitivity in the GIS and GRS. But an unexpected positive association was also found in the alpha frequency range for the GRS. So, nRST systems (particularly GIS) do not explain psychopathy. rRST scales were more aligned with expectations but were explained via their “rational” basis not RST per se. Unlike internalizing, nRST does not appear strongly related to externalising disorders in general and psychopathy in particular. rRST appears distinct from nRST.

Disagreement holds a central place within standpoint theory, yet its intersection with the debate on peer disagreement has been largely overlooked. Standpoint theory emphasizes the situatedness of knowledge based on social positions – defined by factors such as gender, race, class, and other axes of identity. This fragmentation of knowledge creates a distinct challenge for traditional notions of epistemic peers as it would make epistemic peerhood, especially across identity groups, almost impossible. To accommodate this, I suggest broadening the notion of epistemic peers using a community model of knowledge. Furthermore, I explore the dynamics of peer disagreements when one interlocutor emerges from a marginalized position. In such situations, I contend that the marginalized perspective should be assigned more weight, posing a challenge to both steadfast and equal weight views. This argument culminates in the introduction of ‘Peer-Predominant Conciliationism’, a view suggesting that, under certain circumstances, it is rational to privilege a peer’s perspective over one’s own in peer disagreement.

We study random integer-valued Lipschitz functions on regular trees. It was shown by Peled, Samotij, and Yehudayoff [22] that such functions are localized; however, finer questions about the structure of Gibbs measures remain unanswered. Our main result is that the weak limit of a uniformly chosen 1-Lipschitz function with 0 boundary condition on a $d$-ary tree of height $n$ exists as $n \to \infty$ if $2 \le d \le 7$, but not if $d \ge 8$, thereby partially answering a question posed by Peled, Samotij and Yehudayoff. For large $d$, the value at the root alternates between being almost entirely concentrated on 0 for even $n$ and being roughly uniform on $\{-1,0,1\}$ for odd $n$, leading to different limits as $n$ approaches infinity along evens or odds. For $d \ge 8$, the essence of this phenomenon is preserved, which obstructs the convergence. For $d \le 7$, this phenomenon ceases to exist, and the law of the value at the root loses its connection with the parity of $n$. Along the way, we also obtain an alternative proof of localization. The key idea is a fixed point convergence result for a related operator on $\ell ^\infty$ and a procedure to show that the iterations get into a ‘basin of attraction’ of the fixed point. We also prove some accompanying analogous ‘even-odd phenomenon’ type results about $M$-Lipschitz functions on general non-amenable graphs with high enough expansion (this includes for example the large $d$ case for regular trees). We also prove a convergence result for 1-Lipschitz functions with $\{0,1\}$ boundary condition. This last result relies on an absolute value FKG for uniform 1-Lipschitz functions when shifted by $1/2$.

Amid global assaults on higher education, this reflection analyzes a video performance created by Boğaziçi University (Istanbul, Turkey) students during widespread protests against President Erdoğan’s appointment of a loyalist as rector in 2021. Although it disputes the appointment and the subsequent crackdown on campus protest, the performance more directly responds to the punitive and vilifying reaction of the university administration and the government to a campus exhibition that included a controversial artwork juxtaposing Islamic, mythological, and LGBTQ+ imagery. In the video, a small group of pious Muslim and nonpious students share their divergent views on the artwork while presenting a unified voice against the defamatory campaign targeting their peers. Drawing on democratic theoretical accounts of Aristotelian political friendship, I interpret the performance as an experiment in mutual trust and confidence countering Erdoğan’s tyrannical rule, which thrives on distrust and apathy among citizens, as a form of concerted action that finds its strength in difference and disagreement, and as a model for preserving the university as a site where public issues can be debated openly. Envisioning a democratic life grounded in political friendship, the performance, I argue, reasserts universities’ role as laboratories of democracy, preparing students for collective deliberation, negotiation, and reflective judgment.

This article examines how digital misogynistic discourse produces real-world consequences through platform affordances in post-digital conditions. The study focuses on LIHKG, a popular online forum in Hong Kong, where users collectively target female influencers with persistent verbal abuse. Through critical discourse-centred online-offline nexus ethnography (CD-OONE), which builds on established traditions of entextualization and discursive circulation, the study shows how users creatively appropriate platform features for sustaining misogynistic language. Unlike algorithmically mediated social media, LIHKG operates largely through human agency, such as strategic upvoting/downvoting, nested quoting, custom emoji, forum slang, and serial threads. The analysis reveals how these affordances-in-practice amplify and normalize misogynistic discourse strategies on the forum. A case study traces a 5-year aggression cycle targeting one female influencer, drawing on forum threads, the influencer’s own social media posts, and mainstream news coverage to show how forum discourse produces offline reputational damage that recursively triggers additional online attacks. Theoretically, the study extends critical discourse analysis by showing how sociotechnical conditions shape scalar amplification of harmful discourse online and offline. Methodologically, it provides a practical framework for documenting, tracing, and analyzing discourse circulation and the real-world consequences of digital aggression.

This article argues that the muted and often negative responses to the American historian Richard Hildreth’s six-volume History of the United States published between 1849 and 1852 resulted from his embrace of a secular, utilitarian philosophy of history emphasizing individual freedom as the main source of human happiness and social progress. Tracing the origins of these ideas to Hildreth’s early exposure to liberal religion, democratic party politics, and antislavery thought, the article shows that Hildreth’s historiographical approach rejected providentialism in favor of secular causation, rooted in human agency and historical contingency. Hildreth’s liberal utilitarianism is offered as at least a partial solution to what has been called the “problem” of defining his place in American intellectual history.