This paper builds on research conducted in 2008 by Wright into the uneasy power dynamics between a music teacher and her pupils in a secondary school music classroom in Wales as a result of her Western Classical ‘habitus’; by this, we mean the habitual behaviours, attitudes and values that are commonplace when operating as a classical musician. Some 18 years on, and in a transformative Welsh education climate, narrative data collected from pre-service teachers practising in similar classrooms in Wales suggest that they have begun to move away from their Western European classical ‘habitus’ and believe in shared pedagogic ownership that takes account of pupil voice and choice. Furthermore, in learning to teach, they develop pedagogic behaviours more akin to popular musicians, such as being more improvisatory and more willing to tolerate uncertainty. A key factor is the trusting and collaborative relationships they developed with their mentors (teacher-tutors) within an education system in Wales that has committed itself to the concept of subsidiarity. These findings mark a positive step forward for the music education community within a new and aspirational educational landscape in Wales.

This article explores violent extremism (VE) through an embodied, bottom-up lens, using body-mapping with Muslim women in Kenya. Drawing on two selected body maps, we critically interrogate the use of VE is as a framework for analysing the harm experienced by women. Our participants used the terminology of VE to refer to not only Al-Shabaab–related violence but also gender-based violence, gang violence, and state violence. These insights highlight a key tension in critical scholarship on VE: while often critiqued from a distance, VE is actively reappropriated by those most affected. We argue that, as a community disproportionately targeted by countering violent extremism (CVE) initiatives, our participants employed the language of VE as a form of adaptive resistance – challenging both the violent policing of CVE and the patriarchal violence embedded in their daily lives. This article contributes to feminist decolonial critiques of VE by centring the voices of those most impacted, and by questioning critiques that overlook lived experiences. Additionally, by sharing our arts-based methodology, we contribute to emerging literature on decolonial research practices. Finally, we raise critical questions about the intersections of gender-based violence, gang violence, state violence, and VE in Kenya and beyond.

Automating data extraction from full-text randomized controlled trials for meta-analysis remains a significant challenge. This study evaluates the practical performance of three large language models (LLMs) (Gemini-2.0-flash, Grok-3, and GPT-4o-mini) across tasks involving statistical results, risk-of-bias assessments, and study-level characteristics in three medical domains: hypertension, diabetes, and orthopaedics. We tested four distinct prompting strategies (basic prompting, self-reflective prompting, model ensemble, and customized prompts) to determine how to improve extraction quality. All models demonstrate high precision but consistently suffer from poor recall by omitting key information. We found that customized prompts were the most effective, boosting recall by up to 15%. Based on this analysis, we propose a three-tiered set of guidelines for using LLMs in data extraction, matching data types to appropriate levels of automation based on task complexity and risk. Our study offers practical advice for automating data extraction in real-world meta-analyses, balancing LLM efficiency with expert oversight through targeted, task-specific automation.

CD39 plays a pivotal role in the ATP-to-adenosine signalling pathway, serving as a critical mediator of immune suppression within the tumour microenvironment. Increasing preclinical evidence indicates that its inhibition can restore antitumour immunity and improve the efficacy of established treatments. In this review, we summarise the biology of CD39, its role in shaping the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, and therapeutic strategies currently under development. We also discuss early clinical progress and safety considerations, along with major challenges and future perspectives. Targeting CD39 represents a promising strategy to overcome tumour-induced immunosuppression and ongoing advances in therapeutic development could usher in next-generation immunotherapies.

Why do both economically advantaged and disadvantaged voters sometimes converge in their support for conservative parties? This study examines how subjective class consciousness mediates the relationship between economic inequality and political behaviour in South Korea. Moving beyond conventional class-voting models based on income or occupation, it conceptualises class as a relational and perceptual construct formed through social comparison. This study argues that rising inequality weakens identification with the subjective middle class, generally associated with progressive orientations, while reinforcing symbolic divisions between those who perceive themselves as upper or lower class. Using nationally representative survey data and local administrative–level (si-gun-gu) electoral returns from 2012 to 2022, the analysis finds that both subjective class identification and local inequality are significantly associated with conservative support. At the individual level, voters identifying as either the upper or lower class are more likely to support conservative parties than those identifying as the middle class. At the local administrative-unit level, higher inequality corresponds with greater conservative vote shares. These findings suggest that inequality influences political behaviour not only through material conditions but also through perceptions of social hierarchy.

Identifying studies for inclusion in realist syntheses using title and abstract screening is challenging given the need to unearth explanatory insights to build context–mechanism–outcome configurations. Such insights may only be uncovered through full-text paper reading. To address this issue, a novel approach for identifying studies has been developed called Reverse Chronology Quota Record Screening (RCQRS). Results of database searches are screened in reverse chronology, and in stages, to fill quotas matching the requirements of the review. RCQRS may be beneficial in any of the following circumstances: (a) the timeframe to complete the synthesis is short; (b) the scope of inquiry is not fully defined, (c) the availability of suitable literature is beyond the screening capacity of the reviewers; or (d) the availability of literature is sparse and reviewers seek to extrapolate insights from other areas. In contrast to RCQRS, exhaustive title and abstract screening (i.e., screening entire database results) may hamper study selection due to being overwhelming in volume and time-intensive, resulting in a causally thin cohort of papers for analysis. RCQRS used in stages, and in conjunction with other search strategies (e.g., hand searching, backward citation tracking, and expert solicitation) can support creative, robust analytical insights with causally rich extrapolations. Using the Horizon-EU funded SERENITY study on deprescribing in palliative care as a case example, the benefits and limitations of RCQRS are explored. Finally, a checklist template is offered for teams who wish to reflect on, and transparently report, the use of RCQRS in their realist synthesis.

When a country sees multiple mass mobilisations over time, what accounts for variation in where protest occurs across the different protest waves? This article examines the case of mass protests in Ukraine 1990-2004, exploring how the emergence and development of activist networks aligns with changes in the geospatial dispersion of protest over time. It draws on archives and interviews with activists made available by The Three Revolutions Project, and newspaper reports from Ukrainska Pravda, Korrespondent.net and Radio Svoboda, utilising protest event analysis, along with QGIS software to visually represent findings. The article presents novel empirical findings on the geospatial scope of protest events across Ukraine from 1990 onwards, and demonstrates some of the ways in which regional activist networks expanded, developed, and sought cross-cleavage collaboration, aiming to facilitate increasing nationwide mobilisation. It provides valuable context for understanding subsequent Ukrainian mobilisation, such as the 2013-14 Euromaidan protest, and ongoing resistance to Russia’s full-scale invasion.

This article critically examines the challenges of trade union “just transition” (JT) policies in the context of the ecological crisis. While JT policies have grown in prominence, especially in the Global North, they do not adequately address the ecological crisis since they focus exclusively on decarbonisation without recognising that Green Growth, by reducing emissions increases environmental destruction created by the extraction of ever more minerals and metals. JT policies are further constrained by national boundaries and by a policy centred on jobs only, without acknowledging the broader needs for dignified lives and a regenerative relationship between labour and nature. Research into workers’ visions for the future shows that workers long for cooperation, democratisation from below, a connection of local and global solidarity, and more time to care for themselves and others. The author suggests that unions could connect with such visions to develop transformative, globally coordinated JT strategies that centre on cooperation and self-determination, allowing them to move away from growth imperatives towards a regenerative economy that centres on care for both, people and nature.

The near-axis description of optimised stellarator fields has proven to be a powerful tool both for the design and understanding of this magnetic confinement concept. The description consists of an asymptotic model of the equilibrium in the distance from its centremost axis, and is thus only approximate. Any practical application therefore requires the eventual construction of a global equilibrium. This paper presents a novel way of constructing global equilibria using the DESC code that guarantees the correct asymptotic behaviour imposed by a given near-axis construction. The theoretical underpinnings of this construction are carefully presented, and benchmarking examples provided. This opens the door to an efficient coupling of the near-axis framework and that of global equilibria for future optimisation efforts.

The use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) by teenagers is increasing rapidly. GenAI is a form of artificial intelligence that creates new text, images, video and audio, using models based on huge amounts of training data. However, using GenAI can also create misinformation and biased, inappropriate and harmful outputs. Teenagers are increasingly using GenAI in daily life, including in mental healthcare, and may not be aware of the limitations and risks. GenAI may also be used for malicious purposes that may have long-term, negative impacts on mental health. There is a need to increase awareness of how GenAI may have a negative impact on the mental health of teenagers.

Negative out-group attitudes are often attributed to perceptions of competition or threat. We propose an alternative source: culture, conceptualized as cultural scripts—interconnected networks of meanings that link particular group identities to negatively connoted phenomena. Evidence comes from three studies on the reactivation of the cultural script of traditional antisemitism in Germany. We begin our analysis by isolating the cultural script through automated analysis of a corpus of antisemitic texts. Next, using survey data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 17,800), we document an increase in antisemitism among Christian believers. This, we argue, is due to the pandemic activating the cultural script of traditional antisemitism, which links Judaism with the spread of disease. By means of an additional survey (n = 2,000) and a concept association task, we demonstrate the presence of the cultural script in the minds of Christian believers. Two priming experiments explore how elements of the script can be triggered. Our work demonstrates the deep cultural roots of negative out-group attitudes and suggests a novel set of methods for studying them.

This article explores the intersection of neurology and psychiatry in the assessment of psychosis. It provides a practical overview of neurological disorders associated with psychosis, including epilepsy, autoimmune encephalitis, neurodegenerative dementias, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, brain neoplasms, multiple sclerosis and genetic neurodevelopmental syndromes. Accurate diagnosis requires recognising clinical red flags and adopting a multidisciplinary approach that integrates psychopathology, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electrophysiology and biomarker analysis. Treatment strategies vary according to aetiology and may include antipsychotics and others pharmacological resources, immunotherapy, neuromodulation and behavioural interventions.

We detail here a semi-analytical model for the pellet rocket effect, which describes the acceleration of pellets in a fusion plasma due to asymmetries in the heat flux reaching the pellet surface and the corresponding ablation rate. This effect was shown in experiments to significantly modify the pellet trajectory, and previously projected deceleration values of ${\sim} 10^6\,\textrm {m}\,\textrm{s}^{-2}$ for reactor-scale devices indicated that it may severely limit the effectiveness of pellet injection methods. We account for asymmetries stemming both from plasma parameter gradients and an asymmetric plasmoid shielding caused by the drift of the ionised pellet cloud. For high temperature, reactor relevant scenarios, we find a wide range of initial pellet sizes and speeds – particularly those relevant for large fragments of shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation – where the rocket effect has a major impact on the penetration depth. In these cases, the plasma parameter profile variations dominate the rocket effect. We find that for small and fast pellets, where the rocket effect is less pronounced, plasmoid shielding-induced asymmetries dominate.

Historical data and monitoring can provide important information on how landscapes respond to environmental and human-induced change. We re-assessed plants, soils and livestock carrying capacity at a research station in eastern Australia after 42 years. We detected significant declines in the densities of key perennial shrubs (Atriplex vesicaria, Maireana astrotricha, Maireana pyramidata, -78%), an index of groundstorey plant quality (-8%), and the cover of erosion (-43%) between 1980 and 2022. Assessed ‘safe carrying capacity’ declined from 14.5 to 12.4 dry sheep equivalents per 100 ha over that period (-14.6%). These declines were evident in ranges and footslopes, but not on the plains. Shrubs declined by a similar percentage when assessed at a small spatial scale in one paddock. There was no clear indication that sheep stocking rates were driving temporal trends in plants. Rather, we attribute changes over more than 40 years to fluctuations in rainfall, and potentially, greater density of kangaroos and feral goats. Our study provides insights into moderately long-term changes in the biophysical attributes of rangelands and reinforces the importance of using historic data to assess environmental change as large areas of Earth become hotter and drier.