This article examines efforts to remake the European economy in the late twentieth century through innovations in organized business and industrial policy. By narrating the development of the “Big 12 Roundtable” and the European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT) in the 1970s and 1980s, we show how the executive institution of the European Commission responded to global competitive pressures by creating “business forums”—groups of business elites organized by policymakers to serve as policy consultants—and by developing extensive technology and research programs to support the development of European technology firms. We then trace how the Big 12 Roundtable laid the foundation for other business forums, including the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT), and how ESPRIT paved the way for the framework programs that have been hallmarks of European industrial policy and investment in research and development for half a century. Consequently, this article expands the business historical genealogy of organized business in Europe and contributes a new history of European industrial policy.

Meta-analysis is a widely used statistical tool for estimating the diagnostic accuracy of tests across multiple studies. Existing methods and available R packages primarily focus on a single diagnostic test, typically under the assumption that all studies include a gold standard. Greater efficiency can be achieved by modeling multiple diagnostic tests together and drawing on studies with or without a gold standard reference test across diverse designs. To address this challenge, recent work has extended both the Bayesian hierarchical model and the Bayesian hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model to the framework of network meta-analysis of diagnostic tests, enabling simultaneous comparison of multiple tests when some data are missing. Despite the importance of these methods, their computational complexity has limited their broad application. This article introduces NMADTA, an R package that implements these models with user-friendly functions. The package allows researchers to evaluate the accuracy of multiple diagnostic tests simultaneously and provides comprehensive graphical displays of the results.

This article examines how the devolved legislatures of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have developed distinct institutional, normative and conflict-based constitutional identities that position them as constitutional actors within the UK’s territorial order. Moving beyond analyses focused solely on competence allocation and the Sewel Convention, it argues that devolved identity is articulated through institutional design, claims to democratic legitimacy and episodes of contestation with Westminster. Disputes arising from Brexit, the UK Internal Market Act 2020, rights-based legislation and the Northern Ireland Protocol reveal how devolved institutions frame authority in terms of popular sovereignty, civic nationhood, consent and parity of esteem. While parliamentary sovereignty remains legally intact, these developments expose a widening gap between doctrinal hierarchy and constitutional practice. The article contends that the UK now operates as a differentiated constitutional system in which authority is legally centralised yet politically dispersed across multiple constitutional sites.

Whether the Lambert–Amery glacial system (LAGS) will remain near mass balance this century while adjusting to geometric change remains an open question. We couple the ice-flow model Úa to the PICO sub-shelf melt parameterization for 2020–2100 under ten high-emissions scenarios, two control experiments and targeted pinning-point perturbations. By 2100, unperturbed absolute trajectories across the twelve applied forcings contribute $-11.4$ to $1.9$ mm to sea level relative to the common 2020-relaxed state; member-specific transient-minus-2020-constant diagnostics isolate the response to post-2020 forcing evolution, which spans $-3.84$ to $+4.66$ mm. With SMB held time-invariant over the model domain, using time-evolving rather than time-invariant 2020 basin-mean ocean conditions increases the 2100 contribution by $1.50$ mm. Minimizing the dynamic buttressing contribution of all pinning points adds an almost forcing-invariant $0.82$ mm. Across ten single-point experiments, the 2100 sea-level response is proportional to grounding-area loss. Paired perturbed–unperturbed simulations have nearly identical shelf-integrated basal melt but distinct sea-level contributions, showing that the additional response is driven primarily by reduced buttressing rather than melt-forcing changes. Overall, LAGS remains close to mass balance under the applied forcing protocol, while time-evolving ocean forcing and pinning-point weakening modulate the magnitude of the 2100 sea-level response. Dynamically important pinning points are priorities for long-term monitoring.

In this paper, we study a nonlinear free boundary problem modelling the growth of radially symmetric tumours. The tumour consists of a central necrotic core, an intermediate quiescent layer and an outer proliferating shell. The evolution of tumour layers and the movement of the tumour boundary are totally governed by external nutrient supply and conservation of mass. The three-layer structure generates three free boundaries with discontinuous nutrient consumption rates and cell growth rates. We develop a nonlinear analysis method to clarify the interactive relationships among free boundaries. By carefully studying the dependence of the critical-state tumour growth rate on the external nutrient concentration, we reveal the evolutionary mechanism in tumour growth and the mutual transformation of its internal structures. The existence and uniqueness of the radial stationary solution is proved, and its globally asymptotic stability towards different dormant tumour states is established.

We study the optimal stopping of an $\alpha$-dimensional Bessel bridge for the payoff $\phi(x)=x^n$, where $\alpha,n \in (0,\infty)$. As a special case we consider the Brownian excursion with the identity function as the payoff ($\alpha=3,n=1$). For the Brownian excursion we can give an explicit solution but in the general case we provide a complete solution via a power series expansion.

With nearly one in six children globally living in conflict zones, evidence-based mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) is crucial. This systematic mapping review with narrative synthesis followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to synthesize fifty-six studies examining in-country interventions for conflict-affected youth under 25 from 1990 to 2025. The studies were mostly conducted in the global South and utilized various methods, including Teaching Recovery Techniques, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, and school-based programmes.

The findings were mixed. While twenty-five studies reported positive outcomes regarding post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), anxiety and social functioning, the effects often diminished over time, and long-term data (>6 months) remains scarce. The review identified three critical success factors: multilayered stepped-care models, task-sharing with trained lay workers, and family engagement. To be effective, cultural adaptation and age-appropriate tailoring were essential; efforts in this regard ranged from play-based interventions for younger children to structured therapies for adolescents.

The evidence base is limited by methodological heterogeneity and short follow-up periods. To bridge the research–practice gap, future efforts must prioritize longitudinal evaluations and stronger collaboration between researchers and humanitarian actors to ensure that interventions effectively mitigate the long-term impacts of conflict.

Face-to-face communication often involves multiple iconic cues (gestural, suprasegmental and segmental) to convey meaning. Previous research shows that gestural and suprasegmental iconicity cues, as well as gestural and segmental iconicity cues, often co-occur, suggesting that speakers combine visual and acoustic forms of iconicity to reinforce meaning. This study investigates whether listeners can simultaneously utilize both suprasegmental and segmental iconic cues in the same speech stimuli to associate sounds with meaning. Finnish-speaking participants were presented auditorily with pseudowords consisting of suprasegmental and segmental iconicity cues referring to shape-related concepts (Experiment 1) or magnitude-related concepts (Experiment 2). The study showed that these two dimensions of acoustic iconicity are processed relatively independently, yet in parallel, for linking the speech signal to meaning.

This article discusses the syntactic analysis of V3 patterns in a V2 language in relation to the articulated left periphery familiar from work in the cartographic tradition. V3 patterns in Dutch or in German have been analysed as involving a regular V2 pattern with an initial sentence external constituent. This type of analysis has been invoked, for instance, for CLD patterns in Dutch. This article shows how one distinctive V3 pattern in the Ghent variety of Dutch provides support for a fine-grained structure of the left periphery. In this pattern, an initial adverbial adjunct is followed by an invariant die which is itself followed by the finite verb. We provide evidence that this pattern must not be equated with adverbial CLD in Dutch or the Ghent variety. We show that the constituent preceding die is not main clause-external. Invariant die is analysed as the spell out of a featurally enriched left peripheral head, more specifically an instantiation of a D-enriched Force encoding discourse anchoring.

In toroidal confinement systems, the scrape-off layer (SOL) magnetic field exhibits characteristics analogous to those of a magnetic mirror configuration, particularly in the edge plasma region. Therefore, linear plasma devices have advanced divertor simulation studies. To further promote divertor simulation studies, a new divertor simulator, ‘Pilot GAMMA PDX-SC (PGX-SC)’ has been developed, incorporating a pair of superconducting coils that generate a simple magnetic mirror configuration. An electrode-biasing system was installed on the PGX-SC to regulate the plasma potential. The system comprises three concentric basing plates installed at the east end of the main chamber of PGX-SC, in conjunction with a DC-stabilised power supplies for each basing plate. This system can also measure the floating potentials and electrode currents by connecting a resistor to each plate in the absence of an external power supply. Preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of plasma by applying a bias to the electrode plates. Applying a voltage to the inner electrode increased the plasma potential at the outer electrode. This result suggests the feasibility of controlling the peripheral plasma potential using concentric biasing plates. When voltage was applied to the outer electrode, the amplitude of the fluctuating current decreased. These results collectively indicate the capability of plasma control employing concentric biasing plates.

This Research Note is an effort to lay out some ways of thinking about the relation between political time and judicial time. We have decent general descriptive theories of Supreme Court behavior when a political regime is consolidated and seemingly stable, but descriptive theories about the Court’s behavior during “transitional” periods are under-developed. The Research Note’s contribution is to identify some lines along which such theories might be developed. The analysis is highly speculative, identifying possibilities and offering anecdotal examples as illustrations. Future research into the matters discussed here will undoubtedly deepen, qualify, and refute some of those speculations.

Australian government herbariums and museums are repositories of flora and fauna specimens collected from across Australia. This has occurred since before Australia was colonized and to the present time, often by explorers and researchers using Indigenous people’s traditional knowledge to identify and locate culturally significant species. The colonial legacy of Australia is embedded in ex situ collections of biological specimens and related data, which mostly predate international treaties promoting benefit-sharing with Indigenous peoples for using their traditional knowledge. Collections of culturally significant biological specimens and associated data should be recognized as cultural property and managed according to Indigenous data sovereignty principles including for attribution and nomenclature. This article presents an example of Australian native tobacco biodiscovery in Australia and pathways for integrating principles of Indigenous data sovereignty for decolonization of ex situ collections and for promoting a rights-based approach.

Cruz de la Boca (CDB) is a major Epiclassic hilltop center in northern Mesoamerica, located in the transitional zone between sedentary and mobile lifeways. Fieldwork in 2001–2002 by an INAH Zacatecas team mapped architecture, construction techniques, and surface materials in the site’s nuclear zone. Systematic pedestrian survey, total station mapping, remote sensing, and GIS documented more than 15 hectares of monumental and domestic architecture. In a region where only a few hilltop centers—such as Alta Vista, La Quemada, and La Ferrería—have been mapped to comparable standards, this article places Cruz de la Boca among the best-documented sites on the northern frontier. We highlight sunken patio compounds and smaller, hut-like Loma San Gabriel (LSG)-type foundations on outer benches, treating their spatial relations as a form of social stratigraphy. Topography, architecture, and controlled excavation of a looting pit provide stratigraphic, funerary, ceramic, and lithic data situating CDB within the Alta Vista phase (ca. a.d. 600–900). We argue that CDB refocuses the Loma San Gabriel problem by showing how lighter-built peripheral residences related spatially and socially to a Chalchihuites-style monumental core.

The Supply Chain and Pharmacy breakout session focused on participants’ real-world experience with supply chain and pharmaceutical needs for their alternate care facility (ACF). This included details around acquisition and utilization of durable medical equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumables, and pharmacy stock. Participants were encouraged to discuss supply chain management considerations, resource allocation and acquisition, and influencing factors that impacted these topics. Participants explored various approaches to obtain medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, including leveraging existing vendor relationships and establishing climate-controlled storage spaces, while emphasizing the importance of electronic tracking systems and documentation. The overarching goal was to focus on what participants did and how deficiencies were managed. The discussion covered challenges in healthcare coordination during disasters, including supply chain issues, the management of unsolicited donations and volunteers, and the need for innovative solutions like drones and alternative medical applications, concluding with reflections on regulatory oversight and opportunities for process and systems improvements. The group identified several key gaps in emergency response systems, particularly the disconnect between emergency management agencies and healthcare systems, while emphasizing the need for qualified liaisons, just-in-time training, and systematic approaches to ensure effective medical resource management during crises.

We classify the sets of natural numbers n for which certain dynamical systems $(X,f)$ on a compact metric space X have a periodic point of (least) period n. Interest in this question dates back to Sharkovskii’s theorem for continuous maps on intervals of the real line, but it also ties to checkable conditions for Krieger’s embedding theorem for symbolic dynamical systems. Given a system for which the logarithmic derivative of the Artin–Mazur zeta function is rational, we use the Skolem–Mahler–Lech theorem to classify for which n the system has a periodic point of (not necessarily least) period n. Moreover, we build on work on finitely presented (FP) systems and their relationship to symbolic dynamics to classify the set of least periods, that is, periodic orbit lengths, for arbitrary FP systems, extending a known classification for shifts of finite type. We also provide several constructions to realize any such least period sets.