Researchers have struggled to identify heirs’ property (HP) via the use of real estate records for years. This paper evaluates seven distinct methodological approaches to identify HP using CoreLogic’s national property database. We find minimal convergence among these algorithms, with different methods flagging largely non-overlapping sets of properties. Certain approaches show promise – particularly in identifying properties with characteristics consistent with documented HP patterns. The lack of agreement across methods, however, makes estimating the prevalence of HP difficult. Several paths exist forward to identify HP such as adding extra property characteristics into existing algorithms, developing more sophisticated algorithms, and establishing protocols for cross-jurisdictional validation.

This essay sets out an analysis of how forgery was produced at Westminster Abbey in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, using the material evidence of the pseudo-original charters rather than the much-used textual evidence. The focus of this study thus lies on how the parchments were prepared, how the seals were used, and what techniques the scribes used to produce archaizing scripts, which are not usually prominent in analysis of charters and related materials. This shows that individual scribal habits shaped how the forgeries were made, but, perhaps more importantly, that there were distinctive practices seen in the forgeries which differed from how authentic originals were made. It is argued that these differences reflect how the scribes envisaged the forged documents would be used, and their knowledge that these usages would differ from those of authentic originals.

This paper examines the mobilizing capacity of the middle class in fostering civic activism under authoritarian rule. In particular, we examine whether the middle class has the potential to recruit other strata in civic activism. We use a boutique N=2017 survey conducted in Moscow, Russia, in December 2021, with an embedded conjoint experiment that identifies the reaction of respondents to an invitation from a hypothetical neighbor to take part in a civic action. We find that self-reported willingness to engage in civic activism is positively associated with the share of the middle class in the respondent’s district of residence. Furthermore, middle-class individuals are perceived as more knowledgeable and thus have higher mobilizing capacity; however, we find no evidence that individuals are more likely to be mobilized by someone from a similar social stratum. In districts with a low middle-class share, middle-class individuals exhibit higher willingness to engage in civic activism, but this difference disappears in high-middle-class districts. Finally, for civic activism, unlike the anti-regime protests, we find no evidence that dependence on the state reduces the self-reported willingness to engage in civic activism. A survey-based measure of past civic engagement augments findings from the conjoint experiment. Our findings contribute to research on authoritarian politics by refining our understanding of state–society relations, the middle class, civic activism, and local politics in autocracies, as well as to the general studies of impact of social context on civic activism, with implications beyond the Russian case.

The blue gum chalcid (Leptocybe invasa) is a serious invasive, galling insect pest of eucalypts grown outside Australia. Variability in resistance of species and genotypes of Eucalyptus to the pest is widely reported but without consideration of the influence of silviculture on the severity of galling. We assessed the variability of gall expression by 29 genotypes of E. camaldulensis by L. invasa in common nursery experiments and in 5 common garden arboreta planted in diverse climatic zones and soil types around Kenya. We quantified variation in growth and the concentrations of defensive chemical compounds (namely polyphenolic compounds) to assess possible genotype × environment interactions which we also relate to the climate of the parent seed trees in Australia. Generally, genotypes endemic to low latitude regions of Australia were more resistant to the pest while the concentration of quinic acid derivatives (QUIN) exhibited an interaction with arboretum location in Kenya. The concentration of QUIN in potted plants did not vary significantly with nitrogen supplementation. However, growth rates and total polyphenolic concentrations varied with arboretum location. Since QUIN, which have been previously shown to confer resistance against L. invasa, did not vary in different arboreta, resistant subspecies and genotypes of E. camaldulensis can be deployed in novel habitats and will not be galled. Our findings support the critical need to plant stock of known genotype(s) rather than planting stock grown from locally collected seed. This will require the establishment of eucalypt seed orchards if clonal production of planting stock is not possible.

This digital review examines how feminist data science can inform, challenge, and reshape archaeological knowledge production in an era of expanding digital data infrastructures. Beginning with a historical analysis of the term “feminist” in American Antiquity, I demonstrate that although feminist perspectives have appeared consistently over four decades, such engagement remains limited in scope. Drawing from this context, I argue that the proliferation of online, publicly accessible archaeological datasets requires renewed feminist and decolonial scrutiny. I situate these challenges within broader conversations around FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) and CARE (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles, Indigenous data sovereignty, and moderated openness, highlighting tensions between expanding digital access and resisting colonial datafication. Intersectional feminist data science, particularly the framework proposed by D’Ignazio and Klein (2020), offers actionable principles for confronting inequities embedded within archaeological data structures. I illustrate these principles through a multimodal collaborative project with the Pueblo of Zuni and the Hopi Tribe, which uses film-based storytelling to reframe relationships to ancestral collections and places. The article concludes with a reflection on citation inequities and disciplinary gatekeeping, underscoring how digital data practices can either reproduce or dismantle structural biases. I argue that transforming archaeological data science requires collective courage and sustained commitment to feminist, Indigenous, and community-engaged approaches that expand the inclusivity and ethical integrity of our field.

Oscillations and instabilities in $E\!\times\!B$ plasma discharges play a major role in driving turbulence and anomalous transport. The presence of gradients and applied fields that result in a relative drift between the charged species causes the onset of drift-gradient instabilities. This work puts forward a kinetic approach to the low-frequency stability of $E\!\times\!B$, two-species, partially magnetised plasmas. It presents a local linear analysis of electrostatic modes in the long-wavelength limit, assuming wave propagation perpendicular to the magnetic field. Magnetised electrons are described by a drift-kinetic equation, while unmagnetised ions are described as a cold fluid. This allows for a consistent treatment of electron temperature perturbations in an inhomogeneous plasma that takes into account kinetic resonance effects, changing the threshold conditions for drift instabilities previously found in fluid descriptions. The well-known fluid dispersion relation for the collisionless Simon–Hoh instability is recovered by considering the weak magnetic inhomogeneity limit of our kinetic model and, in addition, a perturbative extension of the instability criterion that includes the gradients of the magnetic field and the electron temperature is obtained.

Risk regulation has increasingly expanded in European digital policy, yet it is diverging from its roots, especially the precautionary principle. Rather than traditionally focusing on scientific evidence and knowledge, the European approach to risk regulation has been increasingly based on constitutional values such as the protection of fundamental rights and democracy. This article seeks to unravel the logic that has led the Union to move from an approach to risk more based on science to a model which considers constitutional values as parameters to assess and mitigate risks. By focusing on European digital regulation, primarily the GDPR, the DSA and the AI Act, this work underlines how the constitutional rationale of this transformation comes as a response to the intangibility of risks resulting from digital technologies and to imbalances of information and knowledge coming from the concentration of private power in the digital ecosystem. The primary argument is that risk regulation in European digital policy does not seek to rationalise uncertainty through science but to govern epistemological uncertainty through the instruments of constitutionalism, with the goal of addressing the impact of digital technologies on fundamental rights and imbalances of power.

Outer space is increasingly central to international security. The use of Starlink in the Russo–Ukrainian war has enabled Ukrainian operations while negating Russian interference. Having witnessed Starlink’s crucial impact in Ukraine, several states seek to emulate the system’s offensive and defensive advantages. This article analyses how the onset of mega-constellations – satellite systems consisting of very high numbers of smaller satellites – will affect stability in the space domain. As states are increasingly dependent on space for both nuclear and conventional operations, the stability of the space domain is a key concern for international security. Showing how mega-constellations can mitigate existing vulnerabilities in space while generating offensive advantages on earth, this article shows that their proliferation is likely to make conventional counterspace attacks ineffective and costly. Therefore, mega-constellations will have a stabilising effect between states equally dependant on space. However, under conditions of asymmetric dependence, less space-reliant states may find incentives to employ highly destructive weapons, including nuclear weapons, to disable adversary mega-constellations. Accordingly, the proliferation of mega-constellations may act in a destabilising manner, especially if under conditions of asymmetry in space.

A key factor in ensuring the accuracy of computer simulations that model physical systems is the proper calibration of their parameters based on real-world observations or experimental data. Bayesian methods provide a robust framework for quantifying and propagating the uncertainties that inevitably arise. Nevertheless, they produce predictions unable to represent the observed datapoints when paired with inexact models. Additionally, the quantified uncertainties of these overconfident models cannot be propagated to other Quantities of Interest (QoIs) reliably. A promising solution involves embedding a model inadequacy term in the inference parameters, allowing the quantified model form uncertainty to influence non-observed QoIs. In this work, we revisit this embedded formulation and analyze how different likelihood constructions affect the inference of model form uncertainty, particularly under the presence of prescribed measurement noise and unavoidable model discrepancies. Two additional likelihood formulations, the global moment-matching and relative global moment-matching likelihoods, are introduced to explore alternative ways of representing the residual distribution. The behavior of these likelihoods is examined alongside existing formulations to show how different treatments of measurement noise and discrepancies shape the inferred parameter posteriors, and thereby affect the uncertainty ultimately propagated to the QoIs. Particular attention is given to how the uncertainty associated with the model inadequacy term propagates to the QoIs for the posteriors obtained from different likelihood formulations, enabling a more comprehensive statistical analysis of the prediction’s reliability. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to estimate the uncertainty in the predicted heat flux from a transient thermal simulation using temperature observations.

Recently, social philosophers have argued for a practice-based social ontology that can furnish a robustly social account of oppression and, in turn, illuminate the obstacles to and possibilities for social change. This paper argues for an intersubjective approach to oppressive social practices. Oppressive meanings constitute relationships between agents in ways they neither choose nor decide on; agents uphold those meanings through their relationships to others. This approach, I argue, can illuminate a critical case of an oppressive social practice that revolves around struggles for recognition and the dynamics of social change.

Applying the New Entrepreneurial History framework, this paper examines how ArcBest Corporation, an integrated logistics firm based in Fort Smith, Arkansas, became the last legacy less-than-load (LTL) carrier operating in the United States. It argues that the firm’s enduring viability is partially the product of an internal distributed agency among executives over a century that involved continual entrepreneurial processes: Envisioning and valuing opportunities informed by the multiplicative form of values, strategically reallocating and reconfiguring resources, and legitimizing novelty to stakeholders in response to profound market and regulatory shifts. These entrepreneurial processes, paired with the company’s commitments to a unionized labor force, informed executives’ strategic decisions that transformed the carrier from a regional hauler into a national, technologically sophisticated, integrated logistics provider. In applying the new entrepreneurial history to ArcBest, it considers how entrepreneurial opportunities are enacted within the context of a single firm over time.

For $\lambda $ inaccessible, we show that “there is a nowhere trivial automorphism of $\mathcal P(\lambda )/[\lambda ]^{<\lambda }$” follows (in ZFC) from $2^\lambda =\lambda ^+$, and is consistent (via forcing) with $2^\lambda>\lambda ^+$.

This study examines the effectiveness of economic instruments in reducing carbon dioxide emissions in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The focus is on renewable energy consumption and environmental taxation. Previous studies often report that both instruments reduce emissions. However, much of the literature relies on single econometric methods. This may overlook cross-country heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence and dynamic adjustment effects. To address these limitations, this study applies a multi-model panel econometric framework using balanced OECD data from 2000 to 2022. Fixed effects, mean group, pooled mean group and common correlated effects estimators are employed. These methods allow the identification of both short-run and long-run relationships while accounting for unobserved common factors. The results show that renewable energy consumption consistently and significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions across all model specifications. The effect is stronger in the long run. In contrast, environmental tax revenue shows weak and unstable effects that depend on model choice. Economic growth does not have a significant long-run impact on emissions. This suggests that efficiency gains and technological progress dominate scale effects in advanced economies. The findings highlight the importance of methodological robustness and support prioritizing renewable energy expansion over environmental taxation alone.

We study the interaction of an ion with a fluctuation in the electromagnetic fields that is localised in both space and time. We study the scale dependence of the interaction in both space and time, deriving a generic form for the ion’s energy change, which involves an exponential cutoff based on the characteristic time scale of the electromagnetic fluctuation. This leads to diffusion in energy in both $v_\perp$ and $v_\parallel$. We show how to apply our results to general plasma physics phenomena, and specifically to Alfvénic turbulence and to reconnection. Our theory can be viewed as a unification of previous models of stochastic ion heating, cyclotron heating and reconnection heating in a single theoretical framework.

This article is based on comments that I submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as one of eight peer reviewers of OMB’s 2023 draft revisions to Circular A-4, “Regulatory Analysis.” Since that time, OMB issued a final version of Circular A-4, which was then rescinded in January 2025. This article summarizes some of my main comments on the 2023 draft version that I submitted as a peer reviewer, along with a “prologue” that summarizes some of the main issues raised in my peer review and an “epilogue” recognizing both the initial revision of Circular A-4 that was initially adopted, as well as the 2025 decision to rescind the revised version and return to the 2003 version of the circular. The 2003 Circular continues to provide useful guidance, but could have been improved by expanding the scope of regulatory impact analysis in ways discussed in my peer review comments.

Traditional leadership theories often portray influence as stable traits or behaviors, yet complex organizations require leadership to be understood as an emergent, feedback-driven process that co-evolves with contextual demands and follower motivation. This study conceptualizes servant leadership as a nonlinear, adaptive process rather than a fixed style, integrating Complexity Leadership Theory with the Job Demands Resources model and Regulatory Focus Theory. Servant leadership is theorized as an enabling mechanism through which shifting job demands and resources are translated into employees’ promotion and prevention orientations, shaping person-job fit, satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, initiative, and experienced responsibility. Using a two-phase longitudinal design, Phase 1 tested simple and serial mediation with structural equation modeling, and Phase 2 employed a cross-lagged panel model to examine reciprocal feedback dynamics. Results support a four-path process in which servant leadership differentially activates promotion and prevention focus and participates in ongoing feedback loops.