Attachment disorganization has enduring consequences for children’s socioemotional health. Although disrupted caregiving (e.g., frightening or intrusive behaviors) is a strong antecedent of attachment disorganization, much of its variance remains unexplained, highlighting the need to identify additional precursors. This longitudinal study examined the combined effects of mothers’ observed disrupted caregiving at six months of age, and their self-reported psychopathology, childhood maltreatment history, and sociodemographic risk, on infant attachment disorganization in the strange situation procedure at 22 months of age. Participants included 285 mother–infant dyads (52% boys; 80% white) from a Canadian pregnancy cohort. Sociodemographic risk (β = .15), disrupted caregiving (β = .27), and their interaction (β = .24) were associated with attachment disorganization. Sociodemographic risk was associated with greater attachment disorganization only at high levels of disrupted caregiving. Intervention strategies that address both caregiving behaviors and broader sociodemographic risks are needed to reduce attachment disorganization.

This study seeks to elucidate the historical development and transmission of the traditions associated with the ‘Seven Sets’ through a cross-textual analysis of Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, and Gāndhārī sources. The Seven Sets comprise the four establishings of mindfulness, the four right endeavors/abandonings, the four bases of success, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of awakening, and the noble eightfold path. The Eight-Set tradition emerged alongside the Seven-Set tradition by the second century, followed by the forty-one and forty-three dharmas contributing to awakening (bodhipakkhiya/bodhipakṣya) by the fifth century. However, the Seven Sets became the most dominant. Both the Vaibhāṣika and Mahāvihāra schools upheld the Seven Sets as the definitive framework for the dharmas contributing to awakening, rejecting any additional items. The Vaibhāṣika dismissed the forty-one dharmas as heretical, whereas the Mahāvihāra excluded the four meditations incorporated into the Eight Sets. After the sixth century, the Eight-Set tradition was subsumed by the Seven-Set tradition. No evidence supports the long-term survival of the other two traditions. The dominance of the Seven Sets reflects the transition in South Asian Buddhism from pluralism to doctrinal unity.

This article was presented as the Presidential Address at the North American Conference on British Studies in Montreal in November 2025.

This study examines the mediating roles of dehumanization and humiliation in the relationship between political violence and mental health outcomes characterized by depression, anxiety and stress among Palestinians. This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in October 2024 with 633 Palestinian adults from the West Bank. The sample was recruited online through convenience sampling. Participants completed Arabic versions of the Exposure to Political Violence Scale, the Experience of Dehumanization Scale, the Humiliation Inventory and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. All measures were culturally adapted and validated. Ethical approval was obtained from the An-Najah National University, and informed consent was obtained. The findings revealed that political violence is positively associated with stress (r = 0.38), anxiety (r = 0.35) and depression (r = 0.34; all p < 0.01). Additionally, structural equation modeling revealed that political violence predicted higher stress (β = 0.66), anxiety (β = 0.83) and depression (β = 0.77), with significant indirect effects through dehumanization and humiliation (β range = 0.21–0.28; p < 0.01). Findings highlight the strong associations between exposure to political violence and poorer mental health, particularly when accompanied by experiences of humiliation and dehumanization. This research highlights the importance of developing culturally tailored, community-based mental health programs in Palestine that address the psychological effects of these experiences and promote resilience and recovery.

I present a critical review of one of the most influential trends in scholarship analysing the conceptual relationship between Freud and Kant in moral psychology. I discuss three Kantian sophisticated naturalistic approaches (KSNAs), which explore the possibility of accommodating Kantian moral imperatives within the Freudian psycho-developmentalist account, based primarily on the idea of the superego. Specifically, I examine three of their arguments about moral development that revolve around: (1) the relevance of guilt for moral orientation. The KNSAs propose that guilt is a moral feeling, the manifestation of a superego or moral conscience. I argue instead that guilt is not a moral feeling per se, although it can sometimes serve as a moral orientation. (2) The nature of our sources of moral motivation. For the KSNAs, it is irrelevant to think about the sources of our moral motivation because it is impossible to know them. I argue, however, for the relevance of the intelligibility of our moral commands, which should somehow match or resemble their moral source. (3) The concept of ideality. For the KNSAs, the superego’s commands are moral because they are ideal. I will argue that the ideality of the superego’s commands is, on the contrary, self-deceptive.

Plasma equilibrium with a pressure close to the magnetic field pressure ($\beta \sim 1$) are actively studied both in relation to various cosmic phenomena and in the context of more efficient plasma confinement in the magnetic traps. In particular, one of the most promising paths in the development of mirror traps is the transition to the diamagnetic confinement regime. In such a regime, a powerful neutral injection should create an extremely high-pressure plasma with a completely displaced magnetic field (a diamagnetic bubble) in the centre of the trap. The width of the transition layer in this bubble is an important parameter controlling the rate of longitudinal plasma losses. Previously, a model describing the structure of the transition layer in a bubble (Kotelnikov 2020 Plasma Phys. Control Fusion vol. 67, p. 075002) was built on the basis of the collisionless kinetic theory and, using the cold electron approximation, predicted the layer width at the level of ten ion gyroradii. In this paper, the model is generalised to the case of finite electron temperature, requiring us to take into account the electric potential in a self-consistent manner. It is found that, given the comparable temperatures of the ion and electron components, the plasma boundary has a two-scale structure similar to the recently discovered sub-ion magnetic holes. In the inner part of the transition layer, a noticeable jump in the magnetic field is provided exclusively by the electron current on a scale of less than ten electron gyroradii, the remaining part of the jump is created by the diamagnetic ion current on a much longer ion gyroradius scale.

Nies and Scholz formalized the notion of an infinite qubitstring and referred to it as a ‘state’. They defined ‘quantum Martin-Löf randomness’ for states. We give a notion of measurement of a state in a computable basis and introduce ‘quantum measurement randomness’, a randomness notion for states. A state is quantum measurement random if measuring it in any computable basis yields a Martin-Löf random bitstring with probability one. Our main result is that quantum Martin-Löf randomness strictly implies quantum measurement randomness. This uses the construction of a quantum measurement random state which is not quantum Martin-Löf random. We prove two general results on which this construction relies: The first concerns Martin-Löf randomness relative to computable measures and extends a result of V. Vovk. The second is a combinatorial result about Kronecker products.

Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems comprise two interdependent components: civil registration (CR) and vital statistics (VS). Civil registration records the occurrence and characteristics of vital events in a population, including births, deaths, fetal deaths, and cause of death information.1 Vital statistics compile and process the data derived from civil registration to analyze mortality trends, and track demographic patterns, such as birth and death rates.2

Music notation has evolved to accommodate music and musical instruments as they have changed over time. However, the rapid advancement of musical technology has not been accompanied by a corresponding development and consensus in notation. This paper examines the challenges faced by notation in representing music written for augmented instruments. We contend that a novel understanding of musical works is necessary and propose a work-concept that recognises the significance of the technology – medium – that composers develop alongside their creations. We emphasise the role of the score within this work-concept model and present an instrumental augmentation system as a case study. Finally, we propose notation guidelines for augmented instruments and argue that standardising notation could facilitate the discovery of common ground that guides the development of augmented instruments and music written for them.

Over the last decades, there has been an increasing interest in the cognitive interaction between language and music. Previous research has focused on investigating potential underlying processes shared by the two domains. While some studies do not support such a connection when examining linguistic and music pitch, there seems to be a consensus concerning the existence of structural rule parallels, essential to the linguistic and musical adequacy. The present study focuses on the role of a non-linguistic acoustic cue, such as a high/neutral or low music pitch note, to investigate whether it affects the phrase word boundaries on garden-path sentences in Greek, leading to the elevation of garden-path effects, similarly to what has been suggested for rising intonation. Through a self-paced reading-listening experiment where word segments are accompanied by music pitch notes, our results showed significant ambiguity resolution effects for both high and low music pitch. We interpret the obtained data as an indication of an interaction between language and music, where general (random) sound signals may facilitate linguistic processing.

On the Atlantic coast of northern Norway there is a small group of rock-art sites dated to the early Holocene. Here we address this unique group of sites by exploring their role in the colonization process. The pioneer population encountered a pristine and unknown landscape, still impacted by the melting ice cap. Rather than focus on the motifs, we emphasize the significance of the local topography and the role of relational ontology, where a significant aspect of the process was the impact of the highly active landscape and unusual sceneries. We situate the rock art in a prolonged multi–generational relationship between humans and landscape. We propose a phased model in which distinctive natural features first functioned as navigational landmarks, later became anchored in oral narratives, and eventually acquired cosmological associations, culminating in their physical marking through rock art. Over time this created palimpsests of human–landscape relations with evolving memoryscapes where mobility, myth and materiality intersect. Our approach highlights the dynamic and storied nature of pioneer engagement with animate and agentive landscape in early northern Fennoscandia.

The Israeli war against Gaza has severely disrupted daily life, including sleep, a fundamental human need. Chronic war-related trauma has caused hyperarousal, nightmares, and insomnia, perpetuating psychological distress. Overcrowded shelters and limited mental health services exacerbate these challenges. This study examines how the Israeli war against the Gazans affected Gazans’ sleep quality and patterns, focusing on sleep-related challenges faced by children and adults through firsthand accounts of war-induced trauma and stress. Forty semi-structured interviews with 20 children (ages 6–12) and 20 adults (14 mothers, 6 fathers) were analyzed using thematic analysis with a bottom-up, data-driven approach, refined through team discussions and cross-validation by independent judges. The five key themes identified are (1) chronic hypervigilance and sleep disruption, (2) trauma-driven sleep dysregulation in Gaza’s children, (3) sleeplessness in shelters, (4) maternal vigilance and the ramifications of sleeplessness, and (5) the health toll of chronic sleep deprivation. The findings highlight the urgent need for culturally sensitive mental health interventions, improved living conditions, and family-centered support services to alleviate war-related insomnia in Gaza.

COVID-19 starkly exposed the systemic frailties of global health governance, particularly concerning the functioning and utility of the International Health Regulations (IHR). Multiple independent reviews declared that the existing framework was designed to constrain rapid global action, and recommended concrete transformational reforms for the global health legal regime.1 Most notably they recommended the negotiation of a new instrument to govern future pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPPR). The appetite for a new instrument was cemented by a statement of support from twenty-six other world leaders and the director-general of World Health Organization (WHO).2 From the start, there was a lack of clear unified vision for what a new treaty ought to achieve. This ideological rift generally fell along the North–South divide, something that continued throughout the negotiations of the treaty. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suffering from the stark inequalities in vaccine access during the COVID-19 pandemic demanded embedding equitable distribution of life-saving health products into legally binding commitments. Meanwhile high-income countries (HICs) sought greater prevention and surveillance activities, determined to prevent spillover events from occurring and spreading in the first place.

On August 14, 2024, the upsurge of mpox across more than a dozen African countries was declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).1 As is often the case, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) director-general made this determination on the basis of advice tendered by an expert committee convened under the International Health Regulations (IHR)—the world’s only international agreement on public health emergency prevention, preparedness, and response.2 The timing of this declaration, however, differed in one crucial respect from past PHEIC declarations: just one day earlier, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) had issued its own regional alert, designating the outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of Continental Security” (PHECS).3

This article estimates separate individual and partisan incumbencyeffects in Uruguay’s regional elections (1971–2020). It contributes tothe limited evidence on incumbency effects in developing countries andto the emerging Differences-in-Discontinuities (Diff-in-Disc)literature, which addresses endogeneity and disentangles candidatefrom party effects within the same institutional setting. Exploitingconstitutionally mandated term limits and strong electoralenforcement, we identify clean causal effects using close electionsunder open and closed races. Results show a large and statisticallysignificant individual incumbency effect of approximately 74%,alongside non-significant partisan effects. These findings suggestthat incumbency in Uruguay is primarily personal rather thanparty-based. The results contribute to debates on personalization ofpolitics, proportional representation, and institutional developmentin Latin America, highlighting how strong democratic institutions cancoexist with highly individualized electoral dynamics.