Although depression can be transmitted across generations, less is known about how this cycle can be interrupted. This study examines whether the multilevel Fast Track intervention (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01653535) disrupts intergenerational transmission of depression. Children at high risk for aggression were randomly assigned to a 10-year control group or intervention targeting parenting and children’s intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic skills. The original sample included 891 first-generation (G1) participants who reported on their depression and their children’s (second-generation; G2) internalizing problems. At age 34, 374 G2 participants (n = 191 intervention, n = 183 control) reported on their and their children’s (third-generation; G3) emotional difficulties. Mediated path models showed that a cascading model where higher G1 depressive symptoms influence higher G2 childhood depressive symptoms, leading to higher G2 adulthood depressive symptoms, which in turn is connected with greater G3 emotional difficulties, emerged only in the control group. The Fast Track intervention disrupted the pathways from G1 depressive symptoms to G3 emotional difficulties, from G2 childhood depressive symptoms to G2 adulthood depressive symptoms, and from G2 adulthood depressive symptoms to G3 emotional difficulties, highlighting the importance of preventive interventions in altering developmental trajectories of psychopathology.

De-implementation of established practices is a common challenge in infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship and a necessary part of the life cycle of healthcare quality improvement programs. Promoting de-implementation of ineffective antimicrobial use and increasingly of low-value diagnostic testing are cornerstones of stewardship practice. Principles of de-implementation science and the interplay of implementation and de-implementation are discussed in part I of this Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America White Paper Series.In this second part of the series, we discuss a process for applying principles of de-implementation science in infection prevention and stewardship and then review some real-world examples and case studies, including a national blood culture shortage, contact precautions, and surgical and dental prophylaxis. We use these examples to demonstrate how barriers and facilitators can be mapped to evidence-informed implementation/de-implementation strategies to promote efforts to reduce low-value, ineffective, or out-of-date practices. These real-world examples highlight the need for infection prevention and stewardship programs to adapt to changing evidence, contexts, and conditions. Although barriers to practice change are often a bit different, de-implementation can sometimes be thought of as the implementation of a new program—but the new program aims to stop rather than start doing something.

As the saying goes, sometimes less really is more. Medicine and public health have a strong action bias and a strong aversion to risk and uncertainty. Although our best intentions may point us to implementing more interventions, often, the best medicine instead dictates that we do less, or nothing at all. Leveraging principles of de-implementation science can help move healthcare in the right direction when interventions are low-value, ineffective, or no longer needed.

This article offers a fresh interpretation of the ancient Roman relief at Palazzo Sacchetti, identifying it as a depiction of the senatorial delegation meeting Septimius Severus at Interamna in AD 193. Through iconographic analysis, it argues that the relief embodies the Senate’s expectations for Severus’ rule, grounding his image in the principle of Iustitia and portraying him as a model of moderation and fairness. Ultimately, it reveals how the relief uses a ‘historical’ depiction of a real event as a lens to examine the negotiation of power dynamics between the emperor and the Senate at the outset of Septimius Severus’ reign.

This response to Robert Gerwarth and Gwendal Piégais’s special issue on humanitarianism and civil wars in Europe has three parts. First, it aims to situate the authors’ findings in the broader context of what might be termed the ‘dialectic of humanitarianism’ – namely the reciprocal tendency of the violence of war, and notably civil war, and the mobilisation of humanitarian aid for its victims, to reinforce each other. Second, it considers in more detail some of the implications of the findings of all of the authors on the specific challenges posed by civil wars for ‘humanitarianism’ and for the ways in which we might write the history of the latter in the future. Finally, it reflects briefly on one key aspect of that history, namely the politicisation of humanitarian aid.

As we mark 25 years since the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), the place of this landmark agenda on the global political stage has never been more fragile, nor more fraught. In the same breath, the importance of paying careful and critical attention to men, masculinities, and their positioning in and relationship to the WPS agenda — and peace and security writ large — has never been more apparent, nor more urgent. By calling attention to women’s diverse roles in and experiences of armed conflict within the world’s paramount security body, the unanimous adoption of UNSCR 1325 by the Security Council was groundbreaking.

Twin highlights from the 2025 summer meeting of the International Society for Human Ethology are reviewed. The value of observing twins in naturalistic and semi-naturalistic settings is revealed. Research reports involving twins with Feingold syndrome, twins with language delays, breastfeeding of twins, and twins with Olmsted syndrome are reviewed. The final section of this article covers timely and informative news of twins in the media. Topics include the loss of young Texas twins in the devasting July 4th flood, a sensational — and singular — musical twin performer, conjoined twin deliveries in Myanmar and India, and two pairs of twins headed to major league baseball teams.

Different farmers require different compensation payments to be incentivized to participate in water quality improvement-related agri-environmental schemes (AESs) and payment for ecosystem services (PESs). This is because they differ in their farm management practices, cost structures and attitudinal characteristics. However, these differences are rarely characterized in the design and implementation of AESs and PESs in the Global South. Using a discrete choice experiment, we investigate farmers’ willingness to accept compensation to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the Limpopo River Basin of South Africa to observe whether these differences matter. Conditional, random parameter and latent class logit models are estimated. Our latent class logit model identified one random choice class (farmers making random responses) and three preference classes of farmers (low-, moderate- and high-resistance) with dissimilar compensation requirements to alter their status quo farm management practices to improve water quality. Gender, age, education, farming experience and secure tenure rights are key drivers of preference heterogeneity.

In this paper, we investigate a class of McKean–Vlasov stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with Lévy-type perturbations. We first establish the existence and uniqueness theorem for the solutions of the McKean–Vlasov SDEs by utilizing an Eulerlike approximation. Then, under suitable conditions, we demonstrate that the solutions of the McKean–Vlasov SDEs can be approximated by the solutions of the associated averaged McKean–Vlasov SDEs in the sense of mean square convergence. In contrast to existing work, a novel feature of this study is the use of a much weaker condition, locally Lipschitz continuity in the state variables, allowing for possibly superlinearly growing drift, while maintaining linearly growing diffusion and jump coefficients. Therefore, our results apply to a broader class of McKean–Vlasov SDEs.

Nationalist historiography portrays interwar protest in South Asia as predominantly Gandhian, non-militaristic, and non-violent. This portrayal is at odds with the experience of other parts of the world, which were shaped by a “violent peace” in the form of small wars, armed insurgencies, the mobilization of paramilitaries, and the increased prominence of the army in the public sphere in a context of the mass demobilization of military personnel. This article asks how South Asia’s interwar labour movement was shaped by a world marked by the experience of World War I and its aftermath. Through a study of labour “volunteer movements” or paramilitaries and military-related claims-making by labour leaders on the colonial state, it argues that “militarization” was an important aspect of labour politics in interwar South Asia. Volunteer movements were a widespread form of mobilization deployed by labouring populations. Labouring communities with historical connections to military service made claims on the colonial state’s patronage during industrial conflict by appealing to their past military service or official status as “martial races”. While this article studies these phenomena among Bombay’s textile and Dalit workers, it references analogous processes that occurred elsewhere on the subcontinent. Using a unique source base of the speeches and writings of labour leaders, publications of volunteer movements, workers’ court depositions, Marathi-language memoirs, strike enquiry committees, and newspaper material, it unearths a world of militaristic ideas and action seldom explored in the context of interwar South Asian labour.

We adapt the abstract concepts of abelianness and centrality of universal algebra to the context of inverse semigroups. We characterize abelian and central congruences in terms of the corresponding congruence pairs. We relate centrality to conjugation in inverse semigroups. Subsequently, we prove that solvable and nilpotent inverse semigroups are groups.

Generative AI (GenAI) offers potential for English language teaching (ELT), but it has pedagogical limitations in multilingual contexts, often generating standard English forms rather than reflecting the pluralistic usage that represents diverse sociolinguistic realities. In response to mixed results in existing research, this study examines how ChatGPT, a text-based generative AI tool powered by a large language model (LLM), is used in ELT from a Global Englishes (GE) perspective. Using the Design and Development Research approach, we tested three ChatGPT models: Basic (single-step prompts); Refined 1 (multi-step prompting); and Refined 2 (GE-oriented corpora with advanced prompt engineering). Thematic analysis showed that Refined Model 1 provided limited improvements over Basic Model, while Refined Model 2 demonstrated significant gains, offering additional affordances in GE-informed evaluation and ELF communication, despite some limitations (e.g., defaulting to NES norms and lacking tailored GE feedback). The findings highlight the importance of using authentic data to enhance the contextual relevance of GenAI outputs for GE language teaching (GELT). Pedagogical implications include GenAI–teacher collaboration, teacher professional development, and educators’ agentive role in orchestrating diverse resources alongside GenAI.

Using Danish register data, we study whether individuals save enough to maintain almost all (90%) of their pre-retirement consumption. We find that 85 percent do, largely due to mandatory labour market pension contributions. The remaining 15 percent are less likely to have mandatory pension schemes and do not compensate for the lack thereof via voluntary private savings. However, mandatory contributions come at the cost of lower consumption and non-retirement savings during working years. Individuals experiencing the largest increases in mandatory pension contributions accumulate less non-retirement wealth and consume less before retirement compared to those with small increases.

In this work, we study rates of mixing for small independent and identically distributed random perturbations of contracting Lorenz maps sufficiently close to a Rovella parameter. By using a random Young tower construction, we prove that this random system has exponential decay of correlations.

We establish the pointwise equidistribution of self-similar measures in the complex plane. Let $\beta \in \mathbb Z[\mathrm{i}]$, whose complex conjugate $\overline{\beta}$ is not a divisor of β, and $T \subset \mathbb Z[\mathrm{i}]$ a finite subset. Let µ be a non-atomic self-similar measure with respect to the IFS $\big\{f_{t}(z)=\frac{z+t}{\beta}\colon t\in T\big\}$. For $\alpha \in \mathbb Z[\mathrm{i}]$, if α and β are relatively prime, then we show that the sequence $(\alpha^n z)_{n\ge 1}$ is equidistributed modulo one for µ-almost everywhere $z \in \mathbb{C}$. We also discuss normality of radix expansions in Gaussian integer base, and obtain pointwise normality. Our results generalize partially the classical results in the real line to the complex plane.

The effect of the bio-inspired leading-edge modifications on the aerodynamic performance of non-slender delta wing models was investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel using force and surface pressure measurements. The measurements were performed at a Reynolds number of $Re = 1 \times {10^5}$ over an angle-of-attack range from $ - 4^\circ $ to $30^\circ $. Seven different sharp-edged delta wing models with a 45-degree sweep angle (${\rm{\varLambda }}$), including a base wing, were used to study the effect of sinusoidal and saw-tooth leading-edge modifications. Sinusoidal leading-edge wing designs were inspired by the leading-edge tubercles of the humpback whale’s pectoral fins. The results indicate that the bio-inspired wing modifications resulted in a delay in the stall angle by 4 degrees, smoother stall characteristics, a higher maximum lift coefficient, and increased post-stall lift. The drag coefficient of the modified wings was observed as higher than that of the base wing model. Regarding the longitudinal static stability, leading-edge modifications decreased the stability of the wing as the angle-of-attack surpassed $\alpha = 17^\circ $.

The co-creation of new knowledge by combining traditional ecological knowledge and citizen science can empower communities to cope with impending and irreversible changes. However, scholar-activists walk a fine line between driving communities into fields that they are unfamiliar and uncomfortable with, and sharing their wealth of knowledge. This paper uses an autoethnographic approach to reflect on my experience as a researcher deeply involved in community organising in a rural fishing village in southwest Johor, Malaysia, and the tightrope I walked to provide locals with access to resources, networks, and materials, and to amplify their work through myriad media. My accidental scholar-activism is the outcome of 17 years immersed in this community, initially as an environmental education facilitator, then as the community found its voice, as a supporter of efforts to participate in and benefit from the development encroaching onto its neighbourhood and natural habitats. While the villagers simply wanted to safeguard nature-based livelihoods despite increasing habitat destruction and climate change impacts, my work in the background effectively empowered them to overcome restrictive power structures and improve social justice. This was an unplanned social movement that took on a life of its own, analysed through engaged and participative ethnography. While the community made headway in effective and impactful change, the journey demonstrated some failures in youth engagement, but unexpected success with the fishermen. Throughout it all, I questioned the wisdom of my providing people with a near-impossible vision of surmounting entrenched power structures, and the contravention of conservative cultural and gender norms.