Blastoids have three primary systems providing entrances to blastoid hydrospires, the primary organ for respiration: (1) exposed hydrospire slits formed across the width of the radiodeltoid suture; (2) hydrospire pores formed at the aboral ends of the ambulacra; and (3) hydrospire tubules formed as invaginations along the radiodeltoid suture, becoming openings that pierce the radials and deltoids ontogenetically. Blastoid classification historically divided the blastoids into two groups—the Fissiculata and Spiraculata. The Fissiculata comprised those blastoids that have exposed hydrospire slits or spiracular slits. The Spiraculata had hydrospire pores and spiracles that connect internally to hydrospires. Spiraculate classification focused on the configuration of the spiracles and anispiracle in combination with thecal form. Spiracles are the adoral consequence of the ambulacra infilling the radial sinus and covering the hydrospires by the lancet and the side plates and are found in all spiraculate blastoids. In this revision of blastoid classification, we place primacy on the three mechanisms by which water is drawn into the hydrospires—hydrospire slits open to seawater, hydrospire pores, and hydrospire tubules. Hydrospire tubules are formed along the radiodeltoid suture, a very different ontogenetic position from hydrospire pores, which are formed at the aboral end of the ambulacrum, and a fundamental phylogenetic difference. We herein abandon the term Spiraculata and refer to the spiraculate grade as being the Stomatoblastida, new superorder for spiraculates with hydrospire pores and the Tubuloblastida, new superorder for spiraculates with hydrospire tubules. The Fissiculata is elevated to superordinal status.

Refugee and forced migration studies scholars largely ignore the early modern period when they discuss modern refugee crises, thus overlooking the transhistorical, cultural origins of refugee identity formation. Following Louis XIV’s Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, around 200,000 Huguenots fled France for the wider diaspora. Often depicted as republicans, if not anarchists, bent on the destruction of Christianity and the French sacral monarchy, Huguenots sought refuge for their own safety and in the process reimagined themselves first as religious refugees and then as political ones. As religious refugees, Huguenots like the theologian Pierre Jurieu donned the mantle of the Ancient Israelites, as a means to maintain their community against French purgation of the Calvinist sect. As political refugees, Huguenots like Rabaut Saint-Étienne developed several strategies at courting the favor of the Bourbon monarchy, many of which challenged the French sacral state to imagine itself in secular terms. In developing a political refugee identity, these Huguenots created the empathetic, cultural refugee, which could transcend religious affiliation in favor of promoting a national identity.

Weaning stress impacts piglet performance, prompting antimicrobial resistance concerns from antibiotic overuse. Clostridium butyricum-derived antimicrobial peptides (CBP) show potentials as a safe, effective antibiotic alternative. We initially characterized novel antimicrobial peptides within the CBP fraction, synthesizing and confirming their potent activity. This study evaluated CBP’s effects on intestinal health and growth performance of weaned piglets using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model. Fifty weaned Jinhua piglets (45 days, 9.95 ± 2.03 kg) were randomly allocated to control group (CON) and CBP group (n = 25), with five replicates each. Piglets in the CBP group were orally administered 3 mL of CBP daily (145.59 mg of total peptide) for 21 days, while the CON group received sterile water. During this period, CBP significantly improved growth performance, evidenced by increased average daily gain (P = 0.047) and reduced feed conversion ratio (P = 0.015), alongside a decrease in diarrhea incidence (P < 0.05). To further investigate the mechanism, a subset of animals from each group was challenged with LPS on day 21 to induce intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, CBP enhanced intestinal barrier functions by optimizing crypt architecture and upregulating tight junction proteins expression (P < 0.05). CBP also exerted a potent anti-inflammatory effect, substantially reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05) and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Integrated microbiome and metabolomic analyses revealed CBP modulated the gut microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Coprococcus (P < 0.05) and elevating protective metabolites, including butyrate and hyocholic acid (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CBP supplementation effectively promotes piglet growth and alleviates intestinal injury by regulating the gut microbiota and associated metabolic profiles. These effects are mediated through enhanced intestinal barrier functions and suppressed inflammation via the GPR43-NLRP3 pathway. This study provides strong evidence for CBP as a promising, safe alternative to antibiotics.

This article examines the rise of conspiratorial thinking in wartime Russia as a response to a deeper collective anxiety – not merely the replacement of people, but the erasure of narrative agency. While the Russian version of the ‘Great Replacement’ echoes familiar Western themes such as elite betrayal, cultural erosion, and demographic decline, its central concern shifts towards symbolic displacement. Drawing on Mark Sedgwick’s interpretation of the Great Replacement as a stable narrative structure and J.V. Wertsch’s concept of narrative as a cultural tool, this article argues that conspiracy operates here as a means of reclaiming authorship in a national story whose core meanings have grown unstable. The analysis draws on social media discourse, pro-war commentary, volunteer statements, and nationalist media, showing how anxieties are shaped through emotionally resonant storylines of betrayal and erasure. Yet the reassertion of control paradoxically intensifies fragmentation, turning the Great Replacement into a narrative of narrative disappearance – where the gravest loss is not demographic, but symbolic.

Organizational ethical culture, though widely studied, lacks conceptual clarity and precision with levels of analysis. To diagnose the specific conceptual and levels limitations, we assess the state of the science of ethical culture by analyzing 155 articles. Analysis revealed conceptual disorganization, confusion between the conceptual domain and nomological network, and imprecise treatment of levels of analysis. These limitations have resulted in downstream problems with building and testing theory; existing research is affected by unfalsifiable hypotheses, conceptual invalidity, contamination among measures, and incorrect levels-based inferences. To help overcome these limitations, we present a revised definition that integrates the dynamic model of organizational culture with the concept of ethical affordances. We present a multilevel model and describe potential interactions that determine how and under what conditions ethical culture manifests at relevant levels. We conclude with recommendations that will help future research move past these limitations.

Many non-native invasive grass species increase wildfire activity and regenerate more quickly than native species. This invasive grass–fire cycle has severe negative consequences for ecosystems, creating a need to understand how different invasive grass species alter fuel characteristics and fire behavior, as well as effective treatments to control their abundance. To address these needs and increase fire and natural resource management preparedness, we performed a review and meta-analysis of recent (1985 to 2023) scientific literature. We focused on the Intermountain West, USA, where six dominant invasive grass species have already transformed ecosystems, including winter annuals—cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski], red brome (Bromus rubens L.), and Mediterranean grass [Schismus arabicus Nees and Schismus barbatus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell]; and summer perennials—buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] and Lehmann’s lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees). Within the 204 selected articles, B. tectorum was the most well-studied species, treatment effectiveness was the most common study type, and more studies addressed fuel accumulation than fire characteristics. While initial reductions in B. tectorum following wildfire were followed by large increases, P. ciliare initially increased and then steadily declined, and other invasive grass species had no significant post-fire changes over time. Chemical treatments were more effective than other treatments for B. tectorum, P. ciliare, and Schismus spp., although T. caput-medusae had a greater reduction with chemical treatments compared with the other species. In many cases, treatment effectiveness was enhanced when treatment types were combined or repeat treatments were conducted. Both B. tectorum and T. caput-medusae increased to pretreatment conditions within 3 and 5 yr, respectively, although there were no detectable trends for other species. Our results provide comprehensive comparisons of the effect of invasive grass species on fuel and fire characteristics and much needed insight on effective strategies for reducing invasive grass impacts to ecosystems.

The metrics induced on free boundary minimal surfaces in geodesic balls in the upper unit hemisphere and hyperbolic space can be characterized as critical metrics for the functionals $\Theta _{r,i}$ and $\Omega _{r,i}$, introduced recently by Lima, Menezes, and the second author. In this article, we generalize this characterization to free boundary minimal submanifolds of higher dimension in the same spaces. We also introduce some functionals of the form different from $\Theta _{r,i}$ and show that the critical metrics for them are the metrics induced by free boundary minimal immersions into a geodesic ball in the upper unit hemisphere. In the case of surfaces, these functionals are bounded from above and not bounded from below. Moreover, the canonical metric on a geodesic disk in a 3-ball in the upper unit hemisphere is maximal for this functional on the set of all Riemannian metric of the topological disk.

Over the past century, psychiatrists have neglected the importance of diet in the management of mental illness. This is especially the case in relation to mood disorders. There is now overwhelming evidence to support the view that a Mediterranean diet can play a role in the management of mood disorders. This is not in any way denying the importance of pharmacological and psychosocial strategies in the management of these disorders. Components of the Mediterranean diet not only impact brain function but also gut microbes, which are increasingly recognised as playing a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Nutrition should be a component in the curriculum of psychiatrists in training.

Theists believe in a transcendent personal creator that is maximally perfect and intervenes in the creation. Deists believe in a transcendent personal creator that is maximally perfect and does not intervene in the creation. One alleged problem for deism is that its God cannot be maximally perfect. A God that intentionally and knowingly creates a world replete with suffering and anguish yet fails to intervene to ameliorate it is not morally perfect. Thus, theism is better off than deism. I argue that the God of theism is in just as much trouble vis-à-vis omnibenevolence as the God of deism. More specifically, theistic responses to why God answers some but not all petitionary prayers either (i) show theism’s God is less than morally perfect in the same way deism’s God is alleged to be, or (ii) are likewise open to deists.

In a previous paper, we stated and motivated counting conjectures for fusion systems that are purely local analogues of several local-to-global conjectures in the modular representation theory of finite groups. Here, we verify some of these conjectures for fusion systems on an extraspecial group of order $p^3$, which contain among them the Ruiz–Viruel exotic fusion systems at the prime $7$. As a byproduct, we verify Robinson’s ordinary weight conjecture for principal p-blocks of almost simple groups G realizing such (nonconstrained) fusion systems.

An alpine glacier below Sunlight Peak in northwest Wyoming was first photographically documented in 1893, near the end of the Little Ice Age and during the time of industrialization. Since then, evolving technologies have been applied to observe this glacier and nearby discontinuous permafrost for studies spanning Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences. Surveys in the 21st century indicate negative mass balance coinciding with rising average air temperature. This paper reviews the geological and geophysical data on record for the Sunlight Glacier system, presents new results from a 2023 fieldwork campaign combined with remote sensing analysis and comments on likely scenarios of future evolution for this individual body of ice within a broader alpine cryosphere feeding the watersheds of western North America.

Currently, quadruped robots are widely used in diverse scenarios due to their high mobility, creating a demand for more advanced interaction capabilities. This study proposes a whole-body planning and control framework that integrates adaptive control into a hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) and whole-body control (WBC) structure, enhancing the environmental adaptability and interaction performance of quadruped mobile manipulators. Key innovations include: a recursive least squares and feedforward compensation strategy for accurate end-effector force estimation; relaxed barrier functions embedded in the MPC to combine dynamic obstacle avoidance with adaptive control; and a WBC-based priority hierarchy to enforce critical constraints. Validated in Gazebo simulation and on the B1-Z1 platform, the method allows the robot to handle unknown loads up to 3 kg and maintain tracking errors under 2 cm despite 35 N external disturbances. It also demonstrates strong adaptability in non-uniform object transportation, providing a reliable solution for unstructured environments.

Over the course of his career, Karl Barth changed his mind on the extra Calvinisticum, moving from a robust early affirmation to a final rejection in the later volumes of the Church Dogmatics. This article traces that theological shift, arguing that it was not incidental but necessitated by the internal logic of Barth’s doctrine of revelation. In contrast to recent trajectories that seek to retrieve the extra in defence of divine impassibility, Barth’s rejection was grounded in a conviction that God’s being is identical with God’s act – most fully revealed in Jesus Christ. This christological pressure led Barth to revise the scope and function of the extra until it became theologically untenable. The article situates this shift within the broader historical development of the doctrine and concludes by exploring its implications for reconciliation, kenosis, and divine ontology in contemporary theology.

During World War I, national pride in France fostered solidarity and increased patriotism. However, after the war, the principles of self-determination and nationality reignited debates among young regionalists about federal reorganization in France and Europe. Federalism was seen as a way to promote peace in Europe and to protect national minorities within the state. This movement crystallized in 1927 when representatives from Alsace, Corsica, and Brittany established the Central Committee of National Minorities in France (CCMNF). The CCMNF advocated for self-determination and international federalism, suggesting that a federation of peoples could replace the modern state system. This structure would let each nationality decide its political status and cultural development. While the CCMNF marked a milestone in uniting minorities around federalist ideas, its efforts were slowed by the 1929 economic crisis and a resurgence of political tensions. This article examines the rise of regionalist federalism in 1920s France and its connection to the broader post-war discussions on self-determination. By placing this movement within the larger national debates on reorganizing the French state, it highlights federalism’s potential as a transformative framework for addressing political and cultural diversity.

There has been a decade-long debate in the studies of Malaysian politics on whether there is indeed an urban–rural difference when it comes to elections. Studies using aggregated election data suggest stark differences in parties’ performance in urban and rural electoral districts, while studies relying on survey data tend to downplay urban–rural differences in voting patterns. Notwithstanding the ecological fallacy problem inherent in studies using aggregated election data, the consistent differences between studies using individual and aggregated data are puzzling, and cast a shadow over our understanding of electoral politics in Malaysia. This article argues that in Peninsular Malaysia the urban–rural differences supported by aggregated election data may have been overestimated due to results being driven by a few large urban centers. Combining survey data from the fifth wave of Asian Barometer and aggregated election data from the fourteenth general election in Malaysia, this article demonstrates that both kinds of data in fact point to the same conclusion. Once we specifically control for inter-state and local heterogeneity in population density, the association between population density and party performance attenuates.

The sequential units of language (i.e. words) have often been characterized by a tension between diversity and universality in the triangulation between information content, length and frequency. Here we examine similar tensions in the sequential units of visual narratives (i.e. panels) by focusing on how many entities appear per panel in visual narratives from the TINTIN Corpus of 1,030 annotated comics from 144 countries (76,000+ panels). Rates of entities per panel differ in regularized ways between styles of comics that cut across global regions, implicating typologically different ‘visual languages’. Entities per panel were also associated with panel size, where greater numbers of entities were associated with larger sizes of panels. Finally, a negative association appeared between panels with different numbers of entities and their frequency, reminiscent of a Zipf’s law of abbreviation. As associations of both size and frequency with character per panel persisted in a uniform way across styles, it implies universal tendencies transcending the diversity across systems, consistent with typological properties of languages.

In this prospective cohort study, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole direct oral challenge (DOC) for hospitalized adults reporting a low-risk sulfa antibiotic allergy was safe with 75/76 (99%) inpatients delabeled. Within 90-days of DOC, immunocompromised patients were more likely to receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, compared with non-immunocompromised patients (adjusted OR 5.6 95% CI 1.3, 23.0).

During the early twentieth century the rise of professional archaeology pushed the study of deep-time oral tradition into the fringes of historiography. The development of evidence-based archaeological chronologies displaced oral tradition, relying on the assumption that transmission processes include short-term limits on durability. By the end of the century, sporadic innovative partnership experiments brought together archaeological chronology and oral tradition, suggesting the need for further research. This article advances the narrative merging of oral tradition, archaeology, and genomic analysis. After surveying research on archery technology, it explores how the integrative aligning of oral tradition and archaeology can expand meaningful insights into antiquity worldwide. Although twenty-first century inquiry into deep-time oral literature unfolds in the shadowy academic fringes, perhaps such research is on the verge of professionalizing into new scholarship and a mutual enrichment of knowledge systems. Academic scholarship may someday see “prehistory” replaced by ancient human history.